use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

/// Thread-safe sliding-window rate limiter backed by an in-memory HashMap.
/// Each key (e.g. `"join:{ip}"` or `"upload:{user_id}"`) tracks timestamps
/// of recent requests and rejects new ones once the window is full.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct RateLimiter {
    windows: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Vec<Instant>>>>,
}

impl RateLimiter {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            windows: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the request is allowed, `false` if rate-limited.
    pub fn check(&self, key: impl Into<String>, max: usize, window: Duration) -> bool {
        self.check_with_retry(key, max, window).is_ok()
    }

    /// Returns `Ok(())` if allowed, `Err(retry_after_secs)` if rate-limited.
    /// `retry_after_secs` is how long until the oldest slot in the window expires.
    pub fn check_with_retry(&self, key: impl Into<String>, max: usize, window: Duration) -> Result<(), u64> {
        let now = Instant::now();
        let key = key.into();
        let mut map = self.windows.lock().unwrap();
        let timestamps = map.entry(key).or_default();
        timestamps.retain(|&t| now.duration_since(t) < window);
        if timestamps.len() < max {
            timestamps.push(now);
            Ok(())
        } else {
            // The oldest timestamp expires at oldest + window; compute remaining seconds
            let oldest = timestamps[0];
            let elapsed = now.duration_since(oldest);
            let remaining = window.saturating_sub(elapsed);
            Err(remaining.as_secs().max(1))
        }
    }

    /// Wipe every tracked window. Used by the test-mode truncate route so a previous
    /// test's accumulated counters don't bleed into the next test's rate-limit checks.
    pub fn clear(&self) {
        self.windows.lock().unwrap().clear();
    }

    /// Drop keys whose windows are empty after expiring old timestamps. Called from a
    /// background task (see [`crate::services::maintenance`]) so that long-lived
    /// processes don't accumulate one HashMap entry per IP that ever connected.
    ///
    /// Uses a conservative 24h ceiling — anything older than that is gone regardless
    /// of which endpoint's window it was tracked under (the longest window today is
    /// 24h for export downloads). If we ever add longer windows, raise this constant.
    pub fn prune(&self) {
        let now = Instant::now();
        let ceiling = Duration::from_secs(24 * 60 * 60);
        let mut map = self.windows.lock().unwrap();
        let before = map.len();
        map.retain(|_, ts| {
            ts.retain(|&t| now.duration_since(t) < ceiling);
            !ts.is_empty()
        });
        let dropped = before.saturating_sub(map.len());
        if dropped > 0 {
            tracing::debug!("rate limiter pruned {dropped} idle keys");
        }
    }
}

/// Extract the client IP from X-Forwarded-For or fall back to a provided socket
/// address string.
///
/// We take the **right-most** entry, not the left-most. Caddy is the sole ingress
/// and the app port is only `expose`d (never published), so the last hop Caddy
/// appends is the real client. A client can prepend arbitrary spoofed values to
/// the left of XFF to dodge throttles — those are ignored here. This assumes
/// exactly one trusted proxy (Caddy); revisit if that changes.
pub fn client_ip(headers: &axum::http::HeaderMap, fallback: &str) -> String {
    headers
        .get("x-forwarded-for")
        .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
        .and_then(|s| s.rsplit(',').next())
        .map(|s| s.trim().to_owned())
        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
        .unwrap_or_else(|| fallback.to_owned())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use axum::http::HeaderMap;

    const MIN: Duration = Duration::from_secs(60);

    #[test]
    fn allows_up_to_max_then_blocks() {
        let rl = RateLimiter::new();
        assert!(rl.check("k", 3, MIN));
        assert!(rl.check("k", 3, MIN));
        assert!(rl.check("k", 3, MIN));
        assert!(!rl.check("k", 3, MIN), "the 4th request must be blocked");
    }

    #[test]
    fn keys_are_independent() {
        let rl = RateLimiter::new();
        assert!(rl.check("a", 1, MIN));
        assert!(!rl.check("a", 1, MIN));
        assert!(rl.check("b", 1, MIN), "a different key has its own window");
    }

    #[test]
    fn window_slides_and_allows_again_after_expiry() {
        let rl = RateLimiter::new();
        let w = Duration::from_millis(40);
        assert!(rl.check("k", 1, w));
        assert!(!rl.check("k", 1, w));
        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(55));
        assert!(rl.check("k", 1, w), "the slot should expire once the window passes");
    }

    #[test]
    fn retry_after_is_between_one_and_window() {
        let rl = RateLimiter::new();
        assert!(rl.check_with_retry("k", 1, MIN).is_ok());
        let retry = rl.check_with_retry("k", 1, MIN).unwrap_err();
        assert!((1..=60).contains(&retry), "retry_after {retry} out of range");
    }

    #[test]
    fn clear_resets_every_window() {
        let rl = RateLimiter::new();
        assert!(rl.check("k", 1, MIN));
        assert!(!rl.check("k", 1, MIN));
        rl.clear();
        assert!(rl.check("k", 1, MIN), "clear() must free the window");
    }

    #[test]
    fn client_ip_takes_rightmost_forwarded_for_entry() {
        // The right-most entry is the hop our trusted proxy (Caddy) appended.
        let mut h = HeaderMap::new();
        h.insert("x-forwarded-for", "10.0.0.1, 203.0.113.7".parse().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(client_ip(&h, "fallback"), "203.0.113.7");
    }

    #[test]
    fn client_ip_ignores_spoofed_leftmost_entry() {
        // A client prepending a fake IP to dodge throttles must not win.
        let mut h = HeaderMap::new();
        h.insert("x-forwarded-for", "1.2.3.4, 9.9.9.9, 203.0.113.7".parse().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(client_ip(&h, "fallback"), "203.0.113.7");
    }

    #[test]
    fn client_ip_trims_surrounding_whitespace() {
        let mut h = HeaderMap::new();
        h.insert("x-forwarded-for", "  198.51.100.5  ".parse().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(client_ip(&h, "fb"), "198.51.100.5");
    }

    #[test]
    fn client_ip_falls_back_when_header_absent() {
        assert_eq!(client_ip(&HeaderMap::new(), "127.0.0.1"), "127.0.0.1");
    }

    #[test]
    fn client_ip_falls_back_on_trailing_comma_empty_entry() {
        // A trailing comma leaves an empty right-most segment after trimming; the
        // `.filter(!is_empty)` must reject it and fall through to the fallback
        // rather than returning "" (which would collapse callers into one bucket).
        let mut h = HeaderMap::new();
        h.insert("x-forwarded-for", "203.0.113.7, ".parse().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(client_ip(&h, "127.0.0.1"), "127.0.0.1");
    }
}