{
  "note": "Grammatical detail for function words, layered ON TOP of data/gloss-extra.json. gloss-extra supplies a plain English gloss for all 167 roadmap words the deck does not cover; this file adds what a gloss cannot carry — a part of speech (particle / ending / contraction / bound noun), a Korean gloss, and the allomorph rule (\uc740 after a consonant, \ub294 after a vowel). Merged LAST, so these win for the (headword, pos) pairs they define. Entries always land in band 0: function words are available from the start because the curriculum introduces them explicitly.",
  "license": "Written for Hankan. No third-party dictionary content.",
  "entries": [
    { "headword": "은", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "topic marker", "gloss_ko": "주제", "note": "after a consonant; 는 after a vowel" },
    { "headword": "는", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "topic marker", "gloss_ko": "주제", "note": "after a vowel; 은 after a consonant" },
    { "headword": "이", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "subject marker", "gloss_ko": "주격", "note": "after a consonant; 가 after a vowel" },
    { "headword": "가", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "subject marker", "gloss_ko": "주격", "note": "after a vowel; 이 after a consonant" },
    { "headword": "을", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "object marker", "gloss_ko": "목적격", "note": "after a consonant; 를 after a vowel" },
    { "headword": "를", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "object marker", "gloss_ko": "목적격", "note": "after a vowel; 을 after a consonant" },
    { "headword": "에", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "at, to, in — a place or a time", "gloss_ko": "장소·시간", "note": "where something IS or is going" },
    { "headword": "에서", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "at, from — where an action happens", "gloss_ko": "행동의 장소", "note": "contrast with 에: 에서 is where you DO something" },
    { "headword": "도", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "also, too, even", "gloss_ko": "역시", "note": "replaces 은/는 and 이/가 rather than stacking" },
    { "headword": "만", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "only, just", "gloss_ko": "오직", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "의", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "of, 's — possession", "gloss_ko": "소유", "note": "often dropped in speech" },
    { "headword": "로", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "by, with, toward", "gloss_ko": "방향·수단", "note": "after a vowel or ㄹ; 으로 after another consonant" },
    { "headword": "으로", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "by, with, toward", "gloss_ko": "방향·수단", "note": "after a consonant; 로 after a vowel or ㄹ" },
    { "headword": "와", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "and, with", "gloss_ko": "그리고", "note": "after a vowel; 과 after a consonant. Written register" },
    { "headword": "과", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "and, with", "gloss_ko": "그리고", "note": "after a consonant; 와 after a vowel. Written register" },
    { "headword": "하고", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "and, with", "gloss_ko": "그리고", "note": "spoken; same job as 와/과" },
    { "headword": "랑", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "and, with", "gloss_ko": "그리고", "note": "the most casual of 와/과 · 하고 · 랑; 이랑 after a consonant" },
    { "headword": "이랑", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "and, with", "gloss_ko": "그리고", "note": "after a consonant; 랑 after a vowel" },
    { "headword": "부터", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "from — a starting point", "gloss_ko": "시작", "note": "pairs with 까지" },
    { "headword": "까지", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "until, as far as, up to", "gloss_ko": "끝", "note": "pairs with 부터" },
    { "headword": "처럼", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "like, as", "gloss_ko": "같이", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "한테", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "to, for — a person", "gloss_ko": "사람에게", "note": "spoken; 에게 in writing" },
    { "headword": "에게", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "to, for — a person", "gloss_ko": "사람에게", "note": "written; 한테 in speech" },
    { "headword": "께", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "to — honorific", "gloss_ko": "높임", "note": "the honorific form of 한테 / 에게" },
    { "headword": "보다", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "than", "gloss_ko": "비교", "note": "comparison; distinct from the verb 보다 'to see'" },
    { "headword": "마다", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "every, each", "gloss_ko": "각각", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "밖에", "pos": "particle", "gloss_en": "nothing but, only", "gloss_ko": "오직", "note": "always followed by a negative" },

    { "headword": "습니다", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "formal declarative ending", "gloss_ko": "합쇼체", "note": "after a consonant stem; ㅂ니다 after a vowel" },
    { "headword": "ㅂ니다", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "formal declarative ending", "gloss_ko": "합쇼체", "note": "after a vowel stem; 습니다 after a consonant" },
    { "headword": "입니다", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "is, am, are — formal", "gloss_ko": "이다의 합쇼체", "note": "the formal form of 이다" },
    { "headword": "그렇습니다", "pos": "phrase", "gloss_en": "that is so, yes — formal", "gloss_ko": "그렇다의 합쇼체", "note": "formal 그래" },
    { "headword": "고", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "and — links two clauses", "gloss_ko": "연결", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "지", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "isn't it, right? — also the base for 지 않다", "gloss_ko": "확인", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "면", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "if, when", "gloss_ko": "조건", "note": "after a vowel; 으면 after a consonant" },
    { "headword": "으면", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "if, when", "gloss_ko": "조건", "note": "after a consonant; 면 after a vowel" },
    { "headword": "니까", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "because, since", "gloss_ko": "이유", "note": "after a vowel; 으니까 after a consonant" },
    { "headword": "어서", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "and so, because", "gloss_ko": "이유·순서", "note": "아서 after a bright vowel" },
    { "headword": "는데", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "but, and — sets up background", "gloss_ko": "배경", "note": "very common in dialogue" },
    { "headword": "지만", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "but, although", "gloss_ko": "대조", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "라고", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "quoting — \"that …\"", "gloss_ko": "인용", "note": "marks reported speech; 이라고 after a consonant" },
    { "headword": "대", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "they say that …", "gloss_ko": "인용 축약", "note": "contracted from 다고 해" },
    { "headword": "래", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "he says, she says — reported", "gloss_ko": "인용 축약", "note": "contracted from 라고 해" },
    { "headword": "냬", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "asks whether — a reported question", "gloss_ko": "인용 축약", "note": "contracted from 냐고 해" },
    { "headword": "재", "pos": "ending", "gloss_en": "suggests that — a reported proposal", "gloss_ko": "인용 축약", "note": "contracted from 자고 해" },

    { "headword": "한다", "pos": "form", "gloss_en": "does — plain written style", "gloss_ko": "하다의 해라체", "note": "from 하다; the register of narration and manhwa captions" },
    { "headword": "했다", "pos": "form", "gloss_en": "did — plain written style", "gloss_ko": "하다의 과거 해라체", "note": "from 하다" },
    { "headword": "였다", "pos": "form", "gloss_en": "was — plain written style", "gloss_ko": "이다의 과거 해라체", "note": "from 이다; 이었다 after a consonant" },

    { "headword": "것", "pos": "noun", "gloss_en": "thing, one — a bound noun", "gloss_ko": "사물", "note": "needs a modifier in front; 거 in speech" },
    { "headword": "거", "pos": "noun", "gloss_en": "thing, one", "gloss_ko": "것의 준말", "note": "the spoken form of 것" },
    { "headword": "수", "pos": "noun", "gloss_en": "way, possibility — as in 할 수 있다 \"can\"", "gloss_ko": "가능성", "note": "bound noun; almost always with 있다 / 없다" },
    { "headword": "때", "pos": "noun", "gloss_en": "time, when", "gloss_ko": "시간", "note": "bound noun after a modifier" },
    { "headword": "곳", "pos": "noun", "gloss_en": "place", "gloss_ko": "장소", "note": "bound noun after a modifier" },
    { "headword": "적", "pos": "noun", "gloss_en": "occasion, the experience of — as in 한 적 있다", "gloss_ko": "경험", "note": "bound noun" },
    { "headword": "뿐", "pos": "noun", "gloss_en": "only, nothing but", "gloss_ko": "오직", "note": "bound noun" },
    { "headword": "줄", "pos": "noun", "gloss_en": "how to, the fact that — as in 할 줄 알다", "gloss_ko": "방법", "note": "bound noun" },

    { "headword": "난", "pos": "contraction", "gloss_en": "I — 나 + 는", "gloss_ko": "나는", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "넌", "pos": "contraction", "gloss_en": "you — 너 + 는", "gloss_ko": "너는", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "건", "pos": "contraction", "gloss_en": "the thing — 것 + 은", "gloss_ko": "것은", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "이건", "pos": "contraction", "gloss_en": "this thing — 이것 + 은", "gloss_ko": "이것은", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "그건", "pos": "contraction", "gloss_en": "that thing — 그것 + 은", "gloss_ko": "그것은", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "뭘", "pos": "contraction", "gloss_en": "what — 무엇 + 을", "gloss_ko": "무엇을", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "절", "pos": "contraction", "gloss_en": "me — 저 + 를, humble", "gloss_ko": "저를", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "날", "pos": "contraction", "gloss_en": "me — 나 + 를", "gloss_ko": "나를", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "제가", "pos": "contraction", "gloss_en": "I — 저 + 가, humble", "gloss_ko": "저가", "note": "the humble counterpart of 내가" },
    { "headword": "내가", "pos": "contraction", "gloss_en": "I — 나 + 가", "gloss_ko": "나가", "note": "" },

    { "headword": "드리다", "pos": "verb", "gloss_en": "to give — humble", "gloss_ko": "주다의 겸양", "note": "used when the speaker gives to someone higher" },
    { "headword": "계시다", "pos": "verb", "gloss_en": "to be, to stay — honorific", "gloss_ko": "있다의 높임", "note": "the honorific of 있다, for people" },
    { "headword": "주무시다", "pos": "verb", "gloss_en": "to sleep — honorific", "gloss_ko": "자다의 높임", "note": "the honorific of 자다" },
    { "headword": "앉히다", "pos": "verb", "gloss_en": "to seat someone, to sit someone down", "gloss_ko": "앉게 하다", "note": "causative of 앉다" },

    { "headword": "나중에", "pos": "adv", "gloss_en": "later, afterwards", "gloss_ko": "이따가", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "신경 쓰다", "pos": "phrase", "gloss_en": "to care about, to be bothered by", "gloss_ko": "마음을 쓰다", "note": "신경 'nerve' + 쓰다 'to use'" },
    { "headword": "몇", "pos": "det", "gloss_en": "how many, a few", "gloss_ko": "얼마나", "note": "takes a counter after it" },
    { "headword": "명", "pos": "counter", "gloss_en": "counter for people", "gloss_ko": "사람 세는 말", "note": "" },
    { "headword": "몇 명", "pos": "phrase", "gloss_en": "how many people", "gloss_ko": "사람이 얼마나", "note": "몇 + the counter 명" },
    { "headword": "신라", "pos": "noun", "gloss_en": "Silla — the ancient Korean kingdom", "gloss_ko": "옛 나라 이름", "note": "read [실라]; a standing example of ㄴ+ㄹ becoming ㄹㄹ" }
  ]
}