Hankan/data/grammar.json

{
  "note": "Reference grammar points. read:1 marks reading-priority items.",
  "points": [
    {
      "id": "g-eun",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "은 / 는",
      "name": "topic marker",
      "why": "Names what the sentence is about, and quietly sets it against something else. 은 after a consonant, 는 after a vowel. A Korean sentence can drop it once the topic is obvious.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "저는 학생이에요.",
          "jeoneun haksaeng-ieyo.",
          "I'm a student."
        ],
        [
          "김치는 매워요.",
          "gimchineun maewoyo.",
          "Kimchi — that one's spicy."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-iga",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "이 / 가",
      "name": "subject marker",
      "why": "Marks who or what performs the verb, and introduces information that is new. 이 after a consonant, 가 after a vowel. 저 + 가 becomes 제가.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "친구가 왔어요.",
          "chinguga wasseoyo.",
          "A friend came."
        ],
        [
          "시간이 없어요.",
          "sigani eopseoyo.",
          "There's no time."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-eul",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "을 / 를",
      "name": "object marker",
      "why": "Marks the thing the verb acts on. 을 after a consonant, 를 after a vowel. Dropped constantly in speech.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "밥을 먹어요.",
          "babeul meogeoyo.",
          "I'm eating."
        ],
        [
          "커피를 마셔요.",
          "keopireul masyeoyo.",
          "I'm drinking coffee."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-e",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "에",
      "name": "at, to, in (destination & time)",
      "why": "Points at a destination, a point in time, or a static location with 있다 / 없다. Never used for where an action takes place — that is 에서.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "학교에 가요.",
          "hakgyoe gayo.",
          "I go to school."
        ],
        [
          "세 시에 만나요.",
          "se sie mannayo.",
          "Let's meet at three."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-eseo",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "에서",
      "name": "at, in (action), from",
      "why": "Where something happens, or where it started. Pair it with 에 to feel the split: 집에 있어요 (I'm at home) vs 집에서 일해요 (I work at home).",
      "ex": [
        [
          "카페에서 공부해요.",
          "kapeeseo gongbuhaeyo.",
          "I study at the cafe."
        ],
        [
          "독일에서 왔어요.",
          "dogireseo wasseoyo.",
          "I'm from Germany."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-do",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "도",
      "name": "also, too",
      "why": "Replaces 은/는, 이/가 and 을/를 rather than stacking onto them. 저는도 is wrong; 저도 is right.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "저도 가요.",
          "jeodo gayo.",
          "I'm going too."
        ],
        [
          "물도 주세요.",
          "muldo juseyo.",
          "Water as well, please."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-man",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "만",
      "name": "only, just",
      "why": "Also replaces the subject and object markers. Attaches after time and counters happily.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "물만 마셔요.",
          "mulman masyeoyo.",
          "I only drink water."
        ],
        [
          "십 분만 기다려 주세요.",
          "sip bunman gidaryeo juseyo.",
          "Please wait just ten minutes."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-hago",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "하고 · 와/과 · (이)랑",
      "name": "and, with",
      "why": "Three ways to join two nouns. 와 after a vowel, 과 after a consonant — the written pair. 하고 is neutral, (이)랑 is casual speech.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "빵하고 우유를 샀어요.",
          "ppanghago uyureul sasseoyo.",
          "I bought bread and milk."
        ],
        [
          "친구와 같이 갔어요.",
          "chinguwa gachi gasseoyo.",
          "I went together with a friend."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-ui",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "의",
      "name": "possessive 's",
      "why": "Written 의 but pronounced [에] here. Often dropped entirely: 친구 가방 is perfectly natural. 저의 contracts to 제, 나의 to 내.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "친구의 가방이에요.",
          "chinguui gabang-ieyo.",
          "It's my friend's bag."
        ],
        [
          "한국의 날씨는 어때요?",
          "hangugui nalssineun eottaeyo?",
          "How is the weather in Korea?"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-buteo",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "부터 ~ 까지",
      "name": "from ~ until",
      "why": "부터 ~ 까지 spans time; 에서 ~ 까지 spans distance. Mixing them up is the classic beginner tell.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "아홉 시부터 여섯 시까지 일해요.",
          "ahop sibuteo yeoseot sikkaji ilhaeyo.",
          "I work from nine until six."
        ],
        [
          "집에서 회사까지 삼십 분 걸려요.",
          "jibeseo hoesakkaji samsip bun geollyeoyo.",
          "It takes thirty minutes from home to the office."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-boda",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "보다 (더)",
      "name": "more than",
      "why": "Attaches to the thing being beaten, not the winner: A는 B보다 — A beats B. 더 is optional but very common.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "오늘이 어제보다 더워요.",
          "oneuri eojeboda deowoyo.",
          "Today is hotter than yesterday."
        ],
        [
          "저는 커피보다 차를 더 좋아해요.",
          "jeoneun keopiboda chareul deo joahaeyo.",
          "I like tea more than coffee."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-cheoreom",
      "cat": "조사 Particles",
      "form": "처럼 · 같이",
      "name": "like, as",
      "why": "Both attach directly to a noun. 같이 here is the adverb 'like', the same word as 'together' — context separates them.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "한국 사람처럼 말해요.",
          "hanguk saramcheoreom malhaeyo.",
          "You speak like a Korean."
        ],
        [
          "얼음같이 차가워요.",
          "eoreumgachi chagawoyo.",
          "It's cold as ice."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-ieyo",
      "cat": "서술 Predicates",
      "form": "N + 이에요 / 예요",
      "name": "to be",
      "why": "The copula. 이에요 after a consonant, 예요 after a vowel. Formal register: 입니다. Negative: N이/가 아니에요.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "저는 파비안이에요.",
          "jeoneun pabian-ieyo.",
          "I'm Fabian."
        ],
        [
          "여기가 우리 집이에요.",
          "yeogiga uri jibieyo.",
          "This is our house."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-ayo",
      "cat": "서술 Predicates",
      "form": "V/A + 아요 / 어요",
      "name": "polite present (해요체)",
      "why": "The everyday polite ending, and the one to master first. Stem vowel ㅏ or ㅗ takes 아요; everything else takes 어요; 하다 becomes 해요. Same form covers present tense, near future and a gentle suggestion.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "지금 밥을 먹어요.",
          "jigeum babeul meogeoyo.",
          "I'm eating now."
        ],
        [
          "매일 운동해요.",
          "maeil undonghaeyo.",
          "I exercise every day."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-past",
      "cat": "서술 Predicates",
      "form": "V/A + 았 / 었어요",
      "name": "past tense",
      "why": "Take the 아/어 form, insert ㅆ, add 어요. 먹어요 → 먹었어요, 가요 → 갔어요, 해요 → 했어요.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "어제 영화를 봤어요.",
          "eoje yeonghwareul bwasseoyo.",
          "I watched a film yesterday."
        ],
        [
          "밥을 안 먹었어요.",
          "babeul an meogeosseoyo.",
          "I didn't eat."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-future",
      "cat": "서술 Predicates",
      "form": "V + (으)ㄹ 거예요",
      "name": "future, intention",
      "why": "Plans and predictions. Add ㄹ 거예요 to a vowel-final stem, 을 거예요 after a consonant. Softer and more common than the bookish -겠-.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "내일 한국에 갈 거예요.",
          "naeil hanguge gal geoyeyo.",
          "I'll go to Korea tomorrow."
        ],
        [
          "주말에 쉴 거예요.",
          "jumare swil geoyeyo.",
          "I'm going to rest at the weekend."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-nida",
      "cat": "서술 Predicates",
      "form": "V/A + ㅂ니다 / 습니다",
      "name": "formal polite (합쇼체)",
      "why": "The register of announcements, presentations, the news and the army. Vowel stem takes ㅂ니다, consonant stem 습니다. Questions end -ㅂ니까?",
      "ex": [
        [
          "감사합니다.",
          "gamsahamnida.",
          "Thank you."
        ],
        [
          "저는 독일에서 왔습니다.",
          "jeoneun dogireseo watseumnida.",
          "I came from Germany."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-an",
      "cat": "부정 Negation",
      "form": "안 + V/A · V/A + 지 않다",
      "name": "simple negation",
      "why": "안 goes in front and is the spoken default; -지 않다 goes behind and reads a touch more formal. For 하다 verbs, 안 slips inside: 공부 안 해요, not 안 공부해요.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "오늘은 안 바빠요.",
          "oneureun an bappayo.",
          "I'm not busy today."
        ],
        [
          "그 영화는 재미있지 않았어요.",
          "geu yeonghwaneun jaemiitji anasseoyo.",
          "That film wasn't interesting."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-mot",
      "cat": "부정 Negation",
      "form": "못 + V · V + 지 못하다",
      "name": "cannot (ability, circumstance)",
      "why": "안 is 'I don't'; 못 is 'I can't, even though I might want to'. Pronounced [몯] before a consonant, [모ㅅ] links forward before a vowel.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "매운 음식을 못 먹어요.",
          "maeun eumsigeul mot meogeoyo.",
          "I can't eat spicy food."
        ],
        [
          "어제 못 갔어요.",
          "eoje mot gasseoyo.",
          "I couldn't go yesterday."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-jima",
      "cat": "부정 Negation",
      "form": "V + 지 마세요",
      "name": "please don't",
      "why": "The negative command. Attaches to the plain verb stem. Blunter: -지 마.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "여기에서 사진을 찍지 마세요.",
          "yeogieseo sajineul jjikji maseyo.",
          "Please don't take photos here."
        ],
        [
          "걱정하지 마세요.",
          "geokjeonghaji maseyo.",
          "Don't worry."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-gosipda",
      "cat": "표현 Expressions",
      "form": "V + 고 싶다",
      "name": "want to",
      "why": "Only for I and you. Talking about a third person's wants needs -고 싶어하다, because Korean does not claim to know another person's inner state.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "한국에 가고 싶어요.",
          "hanguge gago sipeoyo.",
          "I want to go to Korea."
        ],
        [
          "뭐 먹고 싶어요?",
          "mwo meokgo sipeoyo?",
          "What do you want to eat?"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-lsu",
      "cat": "표현 Expressions",
      "form": "V + (으)ㄹ 수 있다 / 없다",
      "name": "can / cannot",
      "why": "Literally 'there is a way to'. Vowel stem takes ㄹ 수, consonant stem 을 수.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "한국어를 조금 할 수 있어요.",
          "hangugeoreul jogeum hal su isseoyo.",
          "I can speak a little Korean."
        ],
        [
          "오늘은 갈 수 없어요.",
          "oneureun gal su eopseoyo.",
          "I can't go today."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-ayadoeda",
      "cat": "표현 Expressions",
      "form": "V/A + 아 / 어야 되다",
      "name": "must, have to",
      "why": "Built on the 아/어 form. 되다 and 하다 are interchangeable here; 되다 is more spoken.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "지금 가야 돼요.",
          "jigeum gaya dwaeyo.",
          "I have to go now."
        ],
        [
          "약을 먹어야 해요.",
          "yageul meogeoya haeyo.",
          "You need to take the medicine."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-euseyo",
      "cat": "표현 Expressions",
      "form": "V + (으)세요",
      "name": "polite request & honorific",
      "why": "Two jobs at once: a soft command to the listener, and the honorific present when the subject deserves respect. A few verbs go irregular — 먹다 → 드세요, 자다 → 주무세요, 있다 → 계세요.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "여기 앉으세요.",
          "yeogi anjeuseyo.",
          "Please sit here."
        ],
        [
          "할머니는 지금 주무세요.",
          "halmeonineun jigeum jumuseyo.",
          "Grandmother is sleeping."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-juseyo",
      "cat": "표현 Expressions",
      "form": "V + 아 / 어 주세요",
      "name": "please do it for me",
      "why": "The single most useful thing to say in a shop, a taxi or a classroom. Adds a sense of favour that plain -(으)세요 lacks.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "천천히 말해 주세요.",
          "cheoncheonhi malhae juseyo.",
          "Please speak slowly."
        ],
        [
          "이것 좀 보여 주세요.",
          "igeot jom boyeo juseyo.",
          "Could you show me this one."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-ryeogo",
      "cat": "표현 Expressions",
      "form": "V + (으)려고 하다",
      "name": "intend to, be about to",
      "why": "A plan already formed, not a fresh decision. Both clauses must share a subject.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "한국어를 배우려고 해요.",
          "hangugeoreul baeuryeogo haeyo.",
          "I intend to learn Korean."
        ],
        [
          "나가려고 했어요.",
          "nagaryeogo haesseoyo.",
          "I was about to go out."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-reo",
      "cat": "표현 Expressions",
      "form": "V + (으)러 가다 / 오다",
      "name": "go in order to",
      "why": "Only pairs with verbs of movement — 가다, 오다, 다니다. The purpose comes first, the movement second.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "밥 먹으러 가요.",
          "bap meogeureo gayo.",
          "Let's go eat."
        ],
        [
          "친구를 만나러 왔어요.",
          "chingureul mannareo wasseoyo.",
          "I came to meet a friend."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-geotgatda",
      "cat": "표현 Expressions",
      "form": "A/V + 것 같다",
      "name": "it seems, I think",
      "why": "Korean prefers a hedge to a flat assertion, so this shows up far more than 'I think' does in English. 올 것 같다 for a guess ahead, 온 것 같다 for a guess about what already happened.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "비가 올 것 같아요.",
          "biga ol geot gatayo.",
          "It looks like rain."
        ],
        [
          "이 책이 좋은 것 같아요.",
          "i chaegi joeun geot gatayo.",
          "I think this book is good."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-lkkayo",
      "cat": "표현 Expressions",
      "form": "V + (으)ㄹ까요?",
      "name": "shall we? I wonder?",
      "why": "With a first-person plural sense it proposes; with a third-person subject it wonders aloud.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "같이 갈까요?",
          "gachi galkkayo?",
          "Shall we go together?"
        ],
        [
          "비가 올까요?",
          "biga olkkayo?",
          "Do you think it'll rain?"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-neyo",
      "cat": "표현 Expressions",
      "form": "A/V + 네요",
      "name": "realisation, mild surprise",
      "why": "Marks something you have just noticed. Warm and very common — the difference between 좋아요 (it's good) and 좋네요 (oh, that's nice).",
      "ex": [
        [
          "날씨가 좋네요.",
          "nalssiga jonneyo.",
          "The weather's lovely, isn't it."
        ],
        [
          "한국어를 잘하네요.",
          "hangugeoreul jalhaneyo.",
          "Oh — your Korean is good."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-go",
      "cat": "연결 Connectives",
      "form": "V/A + 고",
      "name": "and (listing, sequence)",
      "why": "Joins two clauses with no cause-and-effect claim. Tense is carried only by the final verb.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "밥을 먹고 커피를 마셨어요.",
          "babeul meokgo keopireul masyeosseoyo.",
          "I ate and then drank coffee."
        ],
        [
          "이 카페는 조용하고 싸요.",
          "i kapeneun joyonghago ssayo.",
          "This cafe is quiet and cheap."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-jiman",
      "cat": "연결 Connectives",
      "form": "V/A + 지만",
      "name": "but",
      "why": "Attaches straight to the stem, and unlike -아/어서 it does take tense: 했지만.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "한국어는 어렵지만 재미있어요.",
          "hangugeoneun eoryeopjiman jaemiisseoyo.",
          "Korean is hard but it's fun."
        ],
        [
          "갔지만 못 만났어요.",
          "gatjiman mot mannasseoyo.",
          "I went, but I couldn't meet them."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-aseo",
      "cat": "연결 Connectives",
      "form": "V/A + 아 / 어서",
      "name": "because; and then",
      "why": "Two readings from one form: a reason, or a sequence where the first action sets up the second. Never carries past tense before 서, and never precedes a command or a suggestion — that is what -(으)니까 is for.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "배가 아파서 병원에 갔어요.",
          "baega apaseo byeongwone gasseoyo.",
          "I went to the hospital because my stomach hurt."
        ],
        [
          "친구를 만나서 밥을 먹었어요.",
          "chingureul mannaseo babeul meogeosseoyo.",
          "I met a friend and we ate."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-nikka",
      "cat": "연결 Connectives",
      "form": "V/A + (으)니까",
      "name": "because (before commands)",
      "why": "The reason ending that is allowed to precede 하세요, 합시다 and -(으)ㄹ까요. It also accepts past tense, which -아/어서 refuses.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "비가 오니까 택시를 탑시다.",
          "biga onikka taeksireul tapsida.",
          "It's raining, so let's take a taxi."
        ],
        [
          "시간이 없으니까 빨리 가세요.",
          "sigani eopseunikka ppalli gaseyo.",
          "There's no time, so please hurry."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-neunde",
      "cat": "연결 Connectives",
      "form": "V + 는데 · A + (으)ㄴ데",
      "name": "background, contrast, soft lead-in",
      "why": "The hardest-working ending in conversational Korean. It sets the scene, softens a contrast, or simply opens a topic and trails off. Verbs take 는데, adjectives (으)ㄴ데, past tense 았/었는데.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "지금 공부하는데 좀 어려워요.",
          "jigeum gongbuhaneunde jom eoryeowoyo.",
          "I'm studying now, and it's a bit hard."
        ],
        [
          "이 옷은 예쁜데 비싸요.",
          "i oseun yeppeunde bissayo.",
          "These clothes are pretty, but expensive."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-gijeone",
      "cat": "연결 Connectives",
      "form": "V + 기 전에",
      "name": "before doing",
      "why": "Always the plain stem + 기 전에, with no tense marking. With a noun, drop the 기: 식사 전에.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "자기 전에 책을 읽어요.",
          "jagi jeone chaegeul ilgeoyo.",
          "I read before going to sleep."
        ],
        [
          "가기 전에 전화하세요.",
          "gagi jeone jeonhwahaseyo.",
          "Call before you go."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-nhue",
      "cat": "연결 Connectives",
      "form": "V + (으)ㄴ 후에",
      "name": "after doing",
      "why": "Mirror of 기 전에, but built on the past-modifier form: 먹은 후에, 간 후에. -(으)ㄴ 다음에 means the same thing.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "밥을 먹은 후에 산책해요.",
          "babeul meogeun hue sanchaekaeyo.",
          "After eating I go for a walk."
        ],
        [
          "일이 끝난 후에 만나요.",
          "iri kkeunnan hue mannayo.",
          "Let's meet after work finishes."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-numsys",
      "cat": "수 Numbers & counters",
      "form": "일이삼 vs 하나둘셋",
      "name": "the two number systems",
      "why": "Korean runs two full sets of numbers side by side. Sino-Korean handles dates, money, minutes, phone numbers, floors and anything above 99 in counting. Native Korean handles counted objects, people, hours and age. A clock reading uses both at once.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "세 시 삼십 분이에요.",
          "se si samsip bunieyo.",
          "It's 3:30. (native hour, Sino minute)"
        ],
        [
          "스물다섯 살이에요.",
          "seumuldaseot sarieyo.",
          "I'm twenty-five."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-counters",
      "cat": "수 Numbers & counters",
      "form": "개 · 명 · 마리 · 잔 · 권 · 살",
      "name": "counters",
      "why": "Nothing is counted bare — a counter word sits between the number and the verb. Before a counter, 하나·둘·셋·넷·스물 shorten to 한·두·세·네·스무. Order: noun, number, counter.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "커피 두 잔 주세요.",
          "keopi du jan juseyo.",
          "Two coffees, please."
        ],
        [
          "고양이 세 마리가 있어요.",
          "goyangi se mariga isseoyo.",
          "There are three cats."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-banmal",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "V/A + 아 / 어",
      "name": "반말 — plain casual speech",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "Take the polite 아/어요 form and drop the 요. That is 반말, and it is what almost every line of manhwa dialogue is written in. Between friends, from an older speaker to a younger one, and in a character's own thoughts.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "밥 먹어.",
          "",
          "Eat. / I'm eating."
        ],
        [
          "어디 가?",
          "",
          "Where are you going?"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-ya",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "N + 야 / 이야",
      "name": "casual 'to be'",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "The 반말 copula: 이에요/예요 with the 요 gone and the vowel shortened. 야 after a vowel, 이야 after a consonant. Questions are identical — only the rising tone and the question mark differ.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "우리 친구야.",
          "",
          "We're friends."
        ],
        [
          "범인은 저 사람이야.",
          "",
          "The culprit is that person."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-eosseo",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "V/A + 았 / 었어",
      "name": "casual past",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "The past tense minus the 요. This is the workhorse of manhwa narration and flashbacks.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "소문 들었어?",
          "",
          "Did you hear the rumour?"
        ],
        [
          "나 회귀했어.",
          "",
          "I regressed."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-lge",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "V + (으)ㄹ게",
      "name": "I'll do it (a promise to you)",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "A first-person commitment made for the listener's benefit — not a neutral prediction. Very common in the panel right before someone does something heroic.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "내가 지킬게.",
          "",
          "I'll protect you."
        ],
        [
          "나 갈게.",
          "",
          "I'm off."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-lgeoya",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "V + (으)ㄹ 거야",
      "name": "casual future / intention",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "-(으)ㄹ 거예요 in 반말. Declaring what you are going to do, often as a threat or a vow.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "복수할 거야.",
          "",
          "I'm going to take revenge."
        ],
        [
          "안 갈 거야.",
          "",
          "I'm not going."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-ja",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "V + 자",
      "name": "let's",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "The casual suggestion. 가자, 하자, 먹자 — three syllables that move a whole scene along.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "우리 헤어지자.",
          "",
          "Let's break up."
        ],
        [
          "가자.",
          "",
          "Let's go."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-janha",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "V/A + 잖아",
      "name": "you know, as you're aware",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "Appeals to something the listener already knows, often impatiently. Reading it as plain 'because' loses the exasperation the panel is drawing.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "내가 말했잖아.",
          "",
          "I told you, didn't I."
        ],
        [
          "위험하잖아.",
          "",
          "It's dangerous, you know."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-geodeun",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "V/A + 거든",
      "name": "the thing is…",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "Supplies a reason the listener did not have, sometimes with a note of defiance. Often ends a speech bubble on its own.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "나 바쁘거든.",
          "",
          "I'm busy, that's why."
        ],
        [
          "걔가 먼저 그랬거든.",
          "",
          "He started it, actually."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-deora",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "V/A + 더라",
      "name": "I saw it myself",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "Reports something the speaker personally witnessed, recalled with a little surprise. A flag that the line is a memory or an eyewitness account.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "그 사람 진짜 강하더라.",
          "",
          "That person was seriously strong, I saw it."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-quote",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "V + 대 / 래 / 냬 / 재",
      "name": "hearsay — 'they say'",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "Contracted quotation, everywhere in gossip panels. -대 reports a statement, -래 a command or an 'is', -냬 a question, -재 a suggestion. If a line ends in one of these, someone else said it first.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "시험 어렵대.",
          "",
          "They say the exam is hard."
        ],
        [
          "같이 가재.",
          "",
          "He says let's go together."
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "g-neun",
      "cat": "반말 Casual speech",
      "form": "V + 는 / A + (으)ㄴ + N",
      "name": "modifying a noun",
      "read": 1,
      "why": "Korean puts the whole description in front of the noun, where English puts it after: 내가 죽인 몬스터 is 'the monster I killed'. Once you can see where the modifier ends and the noun begins, long manhwa narration stops being a wall.",
      "ex": [
        [
          "내가 죽인 몬스터.",
          "",
          "The monster I killed."
        ],
        [
          "강한 사람.",
          "",
          "A strong person."
        ]
      ]
    }
  ]
}