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+# ✅ Capturing the emulator's audio: the ALSA `file` tee, and why PulseAudio's monitor cannot do it
+
+**Classification: measured**, on the capture chain. Supersedes the tuning advice
+in [`audio-capture-channel-map-trap.md`](audio-capture-channel-map-trap.md),
+which chased the wrong subsystem.
+
+## The root cause of every bad capture so far
+
+A PulseAudio null sink's **monitor is sampled on a wall clock**. When the client
+is late, PulseAudio does not wait — it **emits silence to keep its own
+timeline**. So the 39.3 % silence measured in the take-2 capture was never audio
+that went missing; it was silence PulseAudio *invented*.
+
+That is why `PULSE_LATENCY_MSEC` produced a non-monotonic curve (39.3 % → 15.6 %
+→ 50.1 % silence at 5.3 / 200 / 500 ms) and never won: **the buffer size trades
+gap count against gap size, and no setting escapes a clock the capture point
+does not share.** The instrument was wrong, not mistuned.
+
+**ALSA's `file` plugin has no clock at all.** It tees exactly what the client
+writes. A slow producer yields a *shorter file*, not a gap-riddled one — turning
+a data-loss problem into a time-base problem, which is the right trade when the
+question is "is the correct audio playing".
+
+## ✅ Control — 6 distinct tones, byte-exact
+
+| | |
+|---|---|
+| source | 12.000 s, 6 channels at 400 / 800 / 200 / 1600 / 3200 / 6400 Hz |
+| captured | **12.000 s**, **0.00 % silence**, **0 gaps**, no duplicate channels |
+
+⚠️ **Channel order is ALSA's, not WAV's.** Captured channel *i* holds source
+channel `[0,1,4,5,2,3]` — i.e. `FL FR BL BR FC LFE` where the WAV file had
+`FL FR FC LFE BL BR`. Deterministic, invertible, and **not** data loss; do not
+mistake it for the remap corruption documented in the companion page.
+
+## The three configuration traps, in the order they bite
+
+1. **`ALSA_CONFIG_PATH` REPLACES the entire ALSA config.** Without
+   `</usr/share/alsa/alsa.conf>` the named `null` device is undefined and the
+   client fails with `Input/output error`.
+2. 🔴 **But with that include, overriding `pcm.!default` silently does not
+   take** — no error, no file, the client runs happily to completion. Both the
+   full inline form and the `pcm.!default "name"` alias failed this way.
+   **The fix is to drop the include** and declare the slave with an *inline
+   plugin type* (`{ type null }`, `{ type pulse }`), which needs no named
+   reference. Xenia hardcodes `snd_pcm_open(..., "default", ...)`
+   (`alsa_audio_driver.cc:150`), so `default` **must** be the tee — a named
+   device is not reachable.
+3. **`| head -N` kills the producer.** An `ffmpeg … | head -3` SIGPIPEs ffmpeg
+   before it writes, and the symptom is "no file" with no error — indisting-
+   uishable from a broken config.
+
+## 🔴 And the reason a bare `file` tee is NOT enough for Xenia
+
+Xenia's ALSA driver runs a writer thread that **pads silence whenever its ring
+buffer is empty** (`alsa_audio_driver.cc:359`). Against a device that never
+blocks, `snd_pcm_avail_update` always reports space, so the thread spins:
+
+> **Measured: ~250× real time — 7.34 GB, 12 746 s of nominal audio, in ~50 s of
+> wall clock**, nearly all of it driver-generated silence. It was killed and the
+> file deleted; it would have filled the disk.
+
+⚠️ This is exactly the limit the route's proposer flagged — it had been verified
+with `ffmpeg` as the client, which is self-paced, and **not** with Canary, which
+pads.
+
+## ✅ The configuration that satisfies both constraints
+
+**Tee in front of a paced slave.** The file plugin captures what the client
+writes; the slave supplies the clock that stops the driver free-running. The
+wall-clock silence-insertion then happens *downstream of the capture point*
+rather than inside it.
+
+```
+# NO include: `type pulse` is an inline plugin type, and the include is what
+# makes a pcm.!default override fail to take.
+pcm.!default {
+    type file
+    slave.pcm { type pulse }
+    file "/path/to/capture.raw"
+    format raw
+}
+```
+
+```bash
+ALSA_CONFIG_PATH=…/asound-tee-pulse.conf PULSE_SINK=cap \
+  run-canary --apu=alsa --mute=false …      # "$@" is last, so both win
+ffmpeg -f s16le -ar 48000 -ac 6 -i capture.raw out.wav
+```
+
+✅ Control through this exact config: **12.000 s, 0.00 % silence, 0 gaps.**
+
+⚠️ **`--apu=alsa` is a third option neither agent had tried.** The note that
+`--apu=nop` stalls the guest in the intro movie still stands and is why
+`--mute=true` was there; it says nothing about the ALSA backend.
+
+## Consequences for verification
+
+🔴 **Short file becomes the failure mode**, so a capture check needs an
+**expected-duration** test alongside silence fraction and gap rate. And a
+**runaway guard** is not optional: abort if the file exceeds ~3× real time, or
+one misconfiguration writes 7 GB before anyone looks.