> ✅✅ **SUPERSEDED IN ITS CAUSE (2026-08-26) — see branch `auto/slb-loader`.**
> The four offsets are **not a header size**. They are a *packing phase*:
>
>     X = (cumulative start of the .pNN segment holding the bank) mod 2048
>
> | segment | size | cumulative start | start mod 2048 |
> |---|---|---|---|
> | `sound.p00` | 267 930 992 | 0 | **0** |
> | `sound.p01` | 268 404 812 | 267 930 992 | **1392** |
> | `sound.p02` | 268 404 868 | 536 335 804 | **1468** |
> | `sound.p03` | 268 384 384 | 804 740 672 | **1600** |
> | `sound.p04` | 14 903 296 | 1 073 125 056 | **1728** |
>
> Independently reproduced here: the four values I measured are exactly the
> running sums of the five segment file sizes, mod 2048. The XMA grid is
> 2048-aligned *inside each `.pNN` file*; the segments are not multiples of 2048
> long; so every join shifts the phase, and the flat concatenation the TOC
> addresses inherits the shift.
>
> Two things I wrote on this page are therefore wrong in their explanation, even
> though the measurements stand:
>
> * **"It varies by language and subdirectory"** — that was a *correlation*, not
>   a cause. Directories cluster into segments, so the per-directory table is
>   real but explains nothing.
> * **"The header is high-entropy content of a size the loader must know a
>   priori"** — there is no header. Those bytes are the **previous bank's
>   audio**, which is why they looked like data and had no length field: they
>   are data.
>
> The heuristics below (99.62 % packet scan, 99.97 % `seek` residue, 99.95 %
> combined) are all superseded by an exact rule, verified 8 783/8 783 on the
> other branch. `slb.rs` still uses the heuristics; the exact fix needs
> `PakArchive` to expose the segment phase, which is an API change.

# `.slb` leading-stream data offset — 1392 was never a constant

**✅ Settled 2026-08-26, verified by decoding.** A bank's leading headerless
packet stream does not start at a fixed offset. It starts at
**`first_riff % 2048`**. `HEADERLESS_DATA_OFFSET = 1392` is the value that
offset happens to take in `<lang>\etc\`, and assuming it everywhere starts the
decode mid-packet and throws away almost all of the audio.

## The rule

XMA1 packets are 2048 bytes and the leading stream is a whole number of them
ending at the first `RIFF`. So its start is forced:

    start = first_riff % 2048

Disc-wide that lands on exactly **four** values — 1392, 1468, 1600, 1728 — all
of the form `1392 + 4k`. Across the 3 965 Japanese and 3 393 English banks with
a non-empty leading region, no other value occurs:

| | 1392 | 1468 | 1600 | 1728 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| `eng\etc`, `eng\Movie`, `eng\Briefing` | 1 520 | — | — | — |
| `eng\Voice` | 8 | 1 873 | — | — |
| `jpn\etc` | — | 1 402 | 303 | — |
| `jpn\Briefing` | — | 71 | — | — |
| `jpn\Movie` | — | — | 61 | — |
| `jpn\Voice` | — | — | 2 033 | 95 |

It varies by **language and subdirectory**, which is why a constant derived
from `eng\etc\` looked right for years' worth of the banks anyone had reason to
open.

## Verified by decoding, not by arithmetic

The alignment argument alone proves nothing — any offset can be made to "align"
by definition. The test is whether more audio comes out. Decoded through
FFmpeg's `xma1` at mono/48 kHz, on a random sample of **140** banks that have a
non-empty leading region:

| outcome | banks |
|---|---|
| more audio at `ri % 2048` | **85** |
| byte-identical | 54 |
| less audio | **1** |

Median gain among the improved: **70×**. The 54 identical ones are the control —
they are the `eng\etc`-style banks where `ri % 2048` *is* 1392, so the rule
must and does reproduce the old behaviour exactly. Individual cases:

    eng\Voice\VOICE_TCAF_592.slb    1 506 ->  97 152 bytes   (65x)
    jpn\Voice\VOICE_TCAF_592.slb    2 910 -> 127 178 bytes   (44x)
    eng\etc\VOICE_D_452.slb        30 154 ->  30 154 bytes   (unchanged, control)

## The one counterexample — ✅ explained

`eng\Voice\VOICE_TCAF_608.slb` decodes 2 840 bytes at 1392 and 896 at 1468.

It is **not** a bank where the old constant works and the derived offset fails:
both offsets yield well under a tenth of a second from a 38 988-byte region,
i.e. both fail, and 1392 merely produces marginally more garbage.

**The reason is that the bank is truncated.** Its `data` chunk declares 759 808
bytes and the pak entry holds 8 864 — **99 % short**. There is almost nothing
there to decode at any offset. See the section below.

## ❌ This withdraws my own claim from earlier the same day

[`sound-pak-contents.md`](sound-pak-contents.md) reported that the leading
region rule holds for "0 of 5 100 Japanese banks" and filed a backlog item
saying the Japanese banks were a different, undecoded layout. **That was wrong.**
The Japanese banks are the same format; only the offset differs. The measurement
behind it was correct — zero of them satisfy `(riff − 1392) % 2048 == 0` — but
the conclusion drawn from it was not, and the reason is instructive: I treated
`HEADERLESS_DATA_OFFSET` as a property of the format when it was a property of
the sample the format was derived from.

The same error was hiding a defect in the **English** set too: 1 873 `eng\Voice`
banks sit at 1468 and were being decoded mid-packet just as badly.

## The `RIFF`-less banks had the same bug, plus a worse one

**✅ Settled 2026-08-26.** 1 495 banks (799 `jpn`, 696 `eng`) carry no `RIFF` at
all and take a separate code path. That path was wrong twice over:

1. it used the constant offset, with no `RIFF` to derive from; and
2. it built a **stereo** `fmt` chunk.

Decoded across a random 48-bank sample:

| | |
|---|---|
| banks where the old stereo-at-1392 beat the best mono offset | **0 of 48** |
| median gain | **184×** |
| range | 25× – 489 344× |

Stereo is the same failure signature recorded for the leading segment: it stops
after one frame. Individual banks went from 0–4 816 bytes to 180 000–380 000.

The winning offsets fall out **by directory**, and they reproduce the
distribution measured independently from the `RIFF`-bearing banks — which is the
cross-check that makes this more than curve-fitting:

    eng\etc 1392 (11/11)   eng\Voice 1468 (9/9)   eng\Briefing 1392 (2/2)
    jpn\Voice 1600 (12/13) jpn\etc 1468 (8/12), 1600 (4)

Note `jpn\etc` splits, so the **path alone is not enough** to pick the offset.

### Picking the offset without a decoder

An XMA1 packet opens with a big-endian header — 6 bits frame count, 15 bits
frame-offset-in-bits, 3 bits metadata, 8 bits packet-skip. At the true offset
those fields stay in range packet after packet; one byte off and they do not.
Scoring the first 24 packets and taking the best candidate:

**7 330 of 7 358 (99.62 %)** on the labelled set — every bank that *has* a
`RIFF`, where the answer is forced and therefore known. All **28** misses are
ties on the top score; there is not a single case where the scan picks wrongly
with a unique winner. `scan_data_offset` therefore falls back to 1392 on a tie.

This is used only for the `RIFF`-less banks. Where a `RIFF` exists the offset is
derived from it exactly, never scanned.

### ✅ A second, independent signal — and it breaks the ties

**Settled 2026-08-26.** The 28 ties needed a different signal, not more of the
same one, and the banks carry one: a **`seek` chunk sitting on a packet
boundary**. Its position modulo 2048 therefore *is* the data offset.

    seek at 3 516 / 5 564 / 7 612 / 9 660 / 13 756 / 19 900  —  all ≡ 1468 (mod 2048)

On the 6 033 labelled banks that have a `seek` before their first `RIFF`,
**6 031 agree (99.97 %)** and 2 disagree. That is better than the packet scan
and, more importantly, *structural* rather than statistical — which is why it is
now tried first.

Applied to the packet scan's 28 ties: **26 resolved correctly, 0 wrongly**, and
2 with no usable `seek`. The combined rule — `seek` residue, else packet
plausibility, else 1392 — scores **7 354 / 7 358 = 99.95 %** on the labelled set,
up from 99.62 %.

762 of the 1 495 `RIFF`-less banks carry a `seek`, and its residue lands on the
four known offsets there too (1468 ×343, 1600 ×255, 1392 ×148, 1728 ×16), so the
signal is available in the population that needs it.

### ❌ The header is not audio being discarded

Worth ruling out, since a wrong data offset was the whole subject of this page:
if the bytes *before* the offset were audio, we would be throwing away the start
of every clip. Adding **0** to the candidate set and re-running the scan, it wins
**6 of 7 358** — noise. The header is genuinely not part of the packet stream.
(1 482 banks have an all-zero header; 5 876 have content in it, which is what
prompted the check.)

### Is that 99.62 % transferable? — checked, and it is conservative

The labelled set has a `RIFF`; the population the scan actually serves does not.
Since the scan is unbounded it reads *past* the `RIFF` on labelled banks, so the
99.62 % could have been borrowing discriminating power that a `RIFF`-less bank
cannot offer. That would make the headline number optimistic for the only case
it is used in — worth checking before trusting it.

Confining the scan to the leading region drops it to **69.98 %** with 1 910
ties, which at first looks like exactly that problem. It is not. Splitting by
how much leading audio there is separates the two explanations:

| | correct | ties |
|---|---|---|
| unbounded, all 7 358 labelled banks | 99.62 % | 28 |
| confined to the leading region, all 7 358 | 69.98 % | 1 910 |
| **≥24 packets of leading audio (989 banks), unbounded** | **100 %** | **0** |
| **≥24 packets of leading audio (989 banks), confined** | **100 %** | **0** |

The last two rows settle it. Where there is enough audio to score, the
discriminator is perfect **whether or not the `RIFF` is in range** — so it is
not leaning on the `RIFF`. The 69.98 % is an artifact of *short* leading
regions: with only two or three packets to judge, candidates tie and the
tie-break decides. Unboundedness helps those banks by giving the scan more bytes,
which is why the two columns differ at all.

A `RIFF`-less bank is a whole pak entry, tens of kilobytes, so 24 packets are
always available — it is always in the 100 % regime. **The 99.62 % figure is
therefore conservative for the population the scan is used on**, not optimistic.


## What this does not settle

* ❔ **Why the offset takes those four values**, and what the bytes before it
  are. This was probed and remains open; what is now ruled out is recorded
  below.

* **The 28 ties.** The scan cannot separate them and falls back to 1392, which
  is right for roughly a third of that population and wrong for the rest.
* **Why the offset takes exactly these four values by directory** is still
  unexplained — see above.
* Nothing here was run **in the game** — this is a decoder-side result measured
  with FFmpeg as the oracle.


## 🟡 Most banks declare more `data` than they store

**Measured 2026-08-26.** Of the 7 586 banks that carry both a `RIFF` and a
`data` chunk after it, **5 296 (69.8 %)** declare a `data` size larger than the
bytes actually present in the pak entry. The remaining 2 290 declare *less*,
which is the ordinary multi-sub-wave case. **Not one declares exactly what it
holds.**

Worst cases run to 99 % short:

    eng\Movie\VOICE_RT16C.slb    declared 1 810 432   available 489 392   -73 %
    jpn\etc\VOICE_D_589.slb      declared 1 177 600   available   6 708   -99 %
    eng\Voice\VOICE_TCAF_608.slb declared   759 808   available   8 864   -99 %

This **contradicts a claim in the decoder's own comment**, which says the
declared size "is honest per sub-wave". It is not, for about seven banks in ten.
The code is nonetheless safe — it clamps the range with `.min(slb.len())` — so
this is a documentation defect and an integrity observation, not a crash.

⚠️ **Method note on this measurement.** My first pass searched for `data` from
offset 0, which can hit those four bytes by chance inside the leading audio
region and read a garbage length. Re-running it anchored *after* the first
`RIFF` changed the count from 5 038 to 5 296 — the flaw was slightly
*under*-counting, but it could as easily have gone the other way, and an
unanchored chunk search over binary audio is not a safe way to ask this
question.

❔ **Why** the declared sizes are too large is **not settled**. Plausible
readings — an authoring-time allocation that was never trimmed, or deliberate
truncation of unused tails — are guesses; nothing here distinguishes them, and
the game has not been observed reading one of these banks.


## ❔ What the header is — four things it is *not*

The bytes before the data offset are still unexplained, but the field has been
narrowed. Probing the header of banks at each of the four offsets:

* **Not a length field.** There is no word in the first 64 bytes equal to the
  offset, the offset minus 1392, the `RIFF` position or the entry size, in
  either endianness. The offset has to be derived; it is not read.
* **Not a seek table or any ascending index.** Treated as big-endian words, only
  about half of consecutive pairs are non-decreasing — which is what random data
  gives. Every word is distinct and none is zero, across all four offsets.
* **Not zero padding**, at least not usually: 1 482 of 7 358 banks have an
  all-zero header, but **5 876 have content** in it.
* **Not audio being discarded.** Adding 0 to the offset candidates, it wins 6 of
  7 358 — noise. (Recorded above.)

So it is high-entropy content of a size that is constant per language and
subdirectory, carrying no field that names its own length. That combination
suggests something the *loader* knows the size of a priori rather than something
self-describing.

**First step if this is picked up again**: find the loader. `SETTINGS.PATH` is
`game:\dat\sound.pak+` and `SETTINGS.PARAM` is `Pj_Silph.xgs`, so there is code
that opens a bank by name and seeks to its data; the constant, or the table it
indexes, should be visible there. That is static PE work
(`/work/*.pe`, offset = VA − 0x82000000), not another pass over the archive —
this page has taken the byte-level evidence about as far as it goes.


## ⚠️ Disagreement on the declared-`data` question — not resolved

`auto/slb-loader` **withdraws** the 🟡 finding above that 69.8 % of banks declare
more `data` than they store, reporting instead that declared sizes are exact
(260/260 checked) and that the extra bytes live outside the TOC window but still
in the `.pNN` stream — and specifically that `VOICE_TCAF_608` is not truncated.

**I could not reproduce that, and the arithmetic is against it.** Walking that
bank's chunks gives a clean, internally consistent structure:

    window = [662 403 072, 662 456 412)   size 53 340
    RIFF at +40 380, its size field 761 360
      fmt   32
      Dmmy  4 028
      data  759 808          <-- declared

The next TOC entry begins at 662 458 368, i.e. **55 296 bytes** after this one
starts. 759 808 bytes of audio cannot fit there. They would have to span roughly
fourteen further TOC windows.

Both readings agree on the underlying fact — **the declared size exceeds the
TOC window** — and differ on what follows from it. Mine said "truncated", which
was an over-claim I withdraw: the 1 928 non-zero bytes in the 1 956-byte gap
after the window, and the audio-looking bytes at the next entry, are consistent
with a bank's data simply continuing past its window. But "declared sizes are
exact" requires a wave to span many named entries, which is a much stronger
claim than "the bytes are outside the window".

### ✅ The experiment was run — the data does not span windows

Read `VOICE_TCAF_608`'s declared 759 808 bytes straight out of the flat stream,
ignoring the window boundary, and decoded through FFmpeg's `xma1`:

| read | bytes in | decoded |
|---|---|---|
| `data` → window end | 8 864 | 896 bytes = **0.01 s** |
| `data` → full declared size | **759 808** | 896 bytes = **0.01 s** |
| control `VOICE_D_452`, declared fits | 26 624 | 208 970 bytes = **2.18 s** |

**Reading 86× more bytes yields not one extra sample.** The bytes past the
window are not this bank's audio, so "the bytes are outside the TOC window but
still in the `.pNN` stream" does not hold here — and this is the very bank the
other branch named as *not* truncated. (No segment join is crossed: the read
sits inside `sound.p02`, so the packing phase is not a confound.)

So for `VOICE_TCAF_608` the audio really is not present. I still withdraw the
word **"truncated"** as an over-claim about the other 5 295 banks — I measured
that their declared size exceeds their window, not what is in the bytes beyond
it, and I have now tested exactly one of them. What is established is narrower
and worth stating exactly:

* ✅ the declared `data` size exceeds the TOC window for 5 296 of 7 586 banks;
* ✅ for `VOICE_TCAF_608` the missing bytes cannot be recovered from the stream;
* ❔ whether that generalises is **untested** — the same decode would have to be
  run across the population, which is the obvious next step and was not done.


## ❌ Decoded length is not a valid test of where a bank ends — my own test withdrawn

I set out to generalise the `VOICE_TCAF_608` result across the 5 296
over-declaring banks, and the first pass looked like a clean reversal: on a
random 60, reading the **full declared size** instead of stopping at the TOC
window gained audio in **59**, median **2.10×**, up to 59×. That reads as
"the data really does continue past the window", i.e. the other branch is right
and my truncation reading was wrong.

**Then I checked whether the declared size is an honest boundary at all**, by
reading *twice* it. If the stream ends where the header says, doubling the input
should add little:

| | |
|---|---|
| reading 2× the declared size yields >1.5× the audio | **33 of 40** |
| ratio of decoded bytes, 2× input vs 1× | median **1.64**, p90 1.75 |

It keeps producing audio indefinitely. **XMA1 packets are self-contained**, so
feeding the decoder the *next* bank's packets yields perfectly good audio that
simply is not this bank's. The decoder cannot tell the difference, and neither
can a byte count.

**So the 59-of-60 result is withdrawn as evidence.** It does not show that the
declared size is honest; it shows only that *something* decodes after the window,
which was never in doubt — the bytes there are audio, just possibly someone
else's. This is the same error in a new costume as the unanchored `data` search
earlier on this page: a measurement that returns a plausible number for a
question it cannot actually answer.

What survives:

* ✅ `VOICE_TCAF_608` is still special, and now more clearly so: for it, reading
  86× more bytes gained **nothing**, where the typical over-declaring bank keeps
  yielding audio without limit. Whatever is at its offset does not decode at all.
* ❔ **Whether the declared sizes are honest is unresolved by this method** and
  cannot be resolved by it. A valid test has to identify the bank boundary
  independently of the decoder — the `seek`-chunk packet-count chain used on
  `auto/slb-loader` is exactly such a signal, and is the right next step.
* ❌ Both my "69.8 % are truncated" and my attempted reversal of it are off the
  table. The measured fact is unchanged and narrow: **the declared `data` size
  exceeds the TOC window for 5 296 of 7 586 banks.**