Syplheed-Reborn/docs/re/flight-speed-law.md

# The throttle is a TARGET-SPEED selector — measured against the definition (2026-08-13)

**Status: ✅ for the shape of the law, 🟡 for the unit scale.**

The unit definition gives `MinimumVelocity 100`, `CruisingVelocity 350`,
`MaximumVelocity 1200`, `Acceleration 600` and `Deceleration 500` for
`UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_Player` ([values](captures/unit-runtime-fields.csv)),
but not **how** the game applies them. This measures it.

Method — [`tools/re-capture/speed_law.py`](../../tools/re-capture/speed_law.py):
lock onto the player entity once, then sample its own position triple in guest RAM
while holding each throttle input in turn (8 s per phase, 20 Hz). Speed is
differentiated over **1-second windows**, never per sample.

## Result

| phase | measured speed (1 s windows) | settles to | definition field |
|---|---|---|---|
| no throttle | 367 403 471 365 463 463 365 | **~420** | `CruisingVelocity` 350 |
| `RT` held | 1041 1376 1551 1379 1596 1510 1620 | **~1 530** | `MaximumVelocity` 1200 |
| release | 1314 672 432 452 432 450 408 | back to **~440** | — |
| `LT` held | 203 121 135 121 115 146 122 | **~125** | `MinimumVelocity` 100 |
| release | 369 451 427 425 445 390 465 | back to **~430** | — |

So the throttle **selects a target speed** and the craft converges to it; releasing
either trigger returns it to cruise. (**Refined below**: the trigger is analogue, so
the target is a continuous interpolation and these three are its endpoints.) It is not a
force model with the throttle adding thrust, which is what a reimplementation would
most likely have assumed from `Acceleration`/`Deceleration` alone. Those two fields
govern the **convergence rate**: the release phase falls ~1 314 → ~432 in about two
seconds (~440 units/s², against `Deceleration` 500) and the `RT` phase climbs ~420 →
~1 550 in two to three seconds (~470–560 units/s², against `Acceleration` 600).

## 🟡 The unit scale

Measured world-space speeds run **≈1.2–1.3× the definition numbers** in all three
regimes (cruise 1.21, maximum 1.28, minimum 1.32). The HUD, meanwhile, reads
**350** at cruise — the definition value exactly. So the definition's velocity unit
is the HUD's, and entity world coordinates are a constant multiple of it, close to
**1.25**. The spread across regimes is larger than the constant itself is precise,
because the craft is manoeuvring under fire while sampled (straight-line
displacement per window under-reads a curving path), so this is recorded as a
measured range rather than a pinned constant.

## Traps

* **`RT`/`LT` are analogue triggers**, so `vgamepad trig RT 1.0` holds the throttle;
  the button verb `hold RT` is a **silent no-op**. The first run of this probe
  measured the drift of a craft nobody was flying.
* **Do not differentiate per sample.** The guest updates the position slower than
  20 Hz, so per-sample differences alternate between 0 and a double step —
  `0, 1519, 1985, 0, 2681…` for a craft flying smoothly.
* **Bind late, measure fast.** The player entity is not in the typed-entity scan
  for the first ~15 s of a mission, and the craft dies within a few minutes if
  nobody is flying it — one earlier attempt ended at `GAME OVER` mid-probe.

Raw samples: [`captures/speed-law-throttle-phases.csv`](captures/speed-law-throttle-phases.csv).

---

# Turn rates: `AV_*` are rate caps, and `_Min`/`_Max` mean *at minimum/maximum speed*

`tools/re-capture/turn_law.py` pins the speed regime with a throttle, holds a stick
axis, and differentiates the craft's **own forward vector** over 1-second windows.

**Control mapping, measured** — `LX` is **roll** (the forward vector barely moves
under it: 3–5 °/s residual), `LY` is **pitch** (`vgamepad` documents `LY: -1 = up`,
so `+1` is nose down = the `PitchMinus` family), and the **right stick does not
steer at all** (0 °/s).

| phase | measured (1 s windows) | definition |
|---|---|---|
| slow + nose down | 85 · 96 · 82 → **~87** | `AV_PitchMinus_Min` **75** |
| fast + nose down | 55 · 45 · 63 → **~54** | `AV_PitchMinus_Max` **40** |
| slow + nose up | 181 · 164 · 181 → **~175** | `AV_PitchPlus_Min` **150** |
| fast + nose up | 103 · 130 · 175 → **~136** | `AV_PitchPlus_Max` **70** |

Two claims of the field names are confirmed:

* **Agility falls with speed** — every rate drops when the throttle goes from `LT`
  to `RT`, so `_Min`/`_Max` are *at minimum / maximum speed*, not floor/ceiling of
  the rate.
* **Pitching up is about twice as fast as pitching down**, exactly as the pair
  150/75 (slow) and 70/40 (fast) says.

## The ~1.2× factor — ⚠️ WITHDRAWN, see "Settled rates match exactly" below

The speed law measured 1.21 / 1.28 / 1.32 × its definition values; the pitch rates
measure 1.16 / 1.35 / 1.17 / 1.94 × theirs. A **unit scale** would have to differ
between metres-per-second and degrees-per-second — it cannot explain both. A **time
base** does: if the guest's simulated second is shorter than the wall-clock second
this probe measures against, every rate reads high by the same factor. So the
definition numbers are self-consistent and a reimplementation should take them at
face value; these measurements confirm the **shape** of the law (which field governs
what, and how the regimes switch), not a scale correction.

🟡 **No yaw input was found.** `AV_Yaw_{Min,Max}` (45 / 25 °/s) exists, but neither
stick yaws the craft. With `MaximumBank_Normal` (60) and roll on `LX`, a
**bank-to-turn** model is the obvious reading — sustained turns come from rolling and
pitching — but the yaw fields may equally belong to the AI or to an input this probe
has not driven.

Raw samples: [`captures/turn-law-pitch-phases.csv`](captures/turn-law-pitch-phases.csv).

---

# The afterburner is not on the obvious buttons — a bounded negative

The definition describes the burner without naming its input: `AB_ConsumeShield_Begin`
**50**, `AB_ConsumeShield` **10**, and a set of `AB_AV_*` turn caps far below the
normal ones (roll 40 vs 125–200 °/s, pitch-up 30 vs 70–150). Notably there is **no
`AB_*Velocity`**, so the burner may not raise the speed target at all.

Two independent probes, both negative for `A`, `B`, `X`, `LB` (and `LS`/`RS` on the
first):

* [`tools/re-capture/ab_probe.py`](../../tools/re-capture/ab_probe.py) — hold `RT`
  for a max-speed baseline, then hold each candidate: speed stayed inside the
  baseline's own noise band (1 200–1 580 units/s) for every one.
* [`tools/re-capture/ab_state_probe.py`](../../tools/re-capture/ab_state_probe.py) —
  sample a window of the player object while each candidate is held and report any
  float that falls during the hold: **nothing fell**.
* And the cheapest oracle of the three, needing no offsets at all: **count the green
  pixels of the HUD's SHIELD bar** before and after each hold, on a freshly spawned
  craft with a full shield. `AB_ConsumeShield_Begin 50` should take a visible bite;
  the bar read **156, 156, 156, 157, 157** across baseline and all four buttons.

So the burner is **not a simple hold on `A`/`B`/`X`/`LB`/`LS`/`RS`**. What remains:
a chord (something plus `RT`), an input this pad cannot reach, a craft variant that
has it, or fields that belong to the AI rather than the player. Worth knowing before
anyone re-probes the obvious buttons.

(`RB` is the nose gun, `Y` the missile mount and the d-pad the tactical map — see
[flight controls](flight-controls-runtime.md) — so those were not held here.)

---

# The throttle is ANALOGUE: the target speed interpolates cruise → maximum

`RT` is an analogue trigger, so "held" was only ever one point on a curve. Walking
it in five steps ([`tools/re-capture/throttle_curve.py`](../../tools/re-capture/throttle_curve.py),
2.5 s to converge then 5 s of sampling per step):

| `RT` | settled speed (1 s windows) | mean |
|---|---|---|
| 0.00 | 465 · 411 · 373 · 504 | **438** |
| 0.25 | 648 · 554 · 678 · 622 | **626** |
| 0.50 | 739 · 961 · 897 · 919 | **879** |
| 0.75 | 1028 · 1086 · 977 · 1283 | **1094** |
| 1.00 | 1359 · 1306 · 1517 · 1186 | **1342** |

A straight ramp. Dividing by the ~1.2 time-base factor established above, the
endpoints land on the definition's own numbers — 438/1.2 ≈ **365** against
`CruisingVelocity` **350**, and 1342/1.2 ≈ **1118** against `MaximumVelocity`
**1200** — and the midpoint follows: 879/1.2 ≈ 733 against the predicted
350 + 0.5·(1200−350) = 775. So

```
target speed = CruisingVelocity + RT · (MaximumVelocity − CruisingVelocity)
```

and `LT` mirrors it down to `MinimumVelocity` — **measured**, see below.

**This also refutes a live hypothesis about the afterburner.** Full `RT` producing
more than `MaximumVelocity` looked like it might *be* the burner; it is not — the
curve is smooth through full deflection, with no step, and the shield does not move.
Full throttle is simply full throttle.

Raw samples: [`captures/throttle-curve-rt.csv`](captures/throttle-curve-rt.csv).

(The entity scan that locks onto the player searches *changing* position triples, so
it only sees the craft while it still has speed — bind early, or a mission left
idling drops out of the scan entirely and every tool reports "player entity not
found" while the game is visibly flying.)

---

# `LT` mirrors `RT`, and roll does NOT depend on speed

One flight, both measurements
([`tools/re-capture/flight_law2.py`](../../tools/re-capture/flight_law2.py)).

## The braking half of the curve

| `LT` | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| speed | 436 | 379 | 289 | 209 | **126** |

A straight ramp down from cruise to ~126, and dividing by the ~1.2 time-base factor
the endpoints are the definition's own numbers again — 363 against
`CruisingVelocity` **350** and 105 against `MinimumVelocity` **100**. So the throttle
law is symmetric:

```
RT held:  target = Cruising + RT · (Maximum − Cruising)
LT held:  target = Cruising − LT · (Cruising − Minimum)
```

## Roll

Roll turns the craft about its own forward axis, so it has to be measured on a
different row of the rotation matrix than pitch was:

| phase | rate per 1 s window | mean |
|---|---|---|
| minimum speed + full roll | 171 · 103 · 157 | **~144 °/s** |
| maximum speed + full roll | 140 · 145 · 164 | **~150 °/s** |

**Roll shows no speed dependence** — the two regimes agree inside the noise, where
pitch dropped by a third to a half between them. Against the definition
(`AV_Roll_Min` 200, `AV_Roll_Max` 125) the measured ~145 °/s is ~121 after the
time-base factor, i.e. **the `Max` value in both regimes**.

So the `_Min`/`_Max` pair does *not* mean the same thing for every axis: pitch
interpolates between them with speed, roll appears pinned at `Max`. A
reimplementation that applies one rule to all axes would get roll wrong at low
speed by ~60 %.

🟡 Caveat kept: the roll phases were 2 s of settling apart, which is marginal for a
full 126 → 1 342 speed change, so "no dependence" is a measurement over a real but
not perfectly separated pair of regimes.

Raw samples: [`captures/throttle-curve-lt.csv`](captures/throttle-curve-lt.csv) ·
[`captures/turn-law-roll.csv`](captures/turn-law-roll.csv).

---

# ⚠️ Settled rates match the definition EXACTLY — the "time base" reading is withdrawn

The earlier turn measurements settled each phase for 1.5 s and then differentiated
from the first second. Re-running with **5 s of settle** and the craft's speed
recorded *at the moment the turn starts*
([`tools/re-capture/flight_law3.py`](../../tools/re-capture/flight_law3.py)):

| phase | speed at turn | measured rate | definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| pitch, minimum speed | 130 /s | **74.9 °/s** | `AV_PitchMinus_Min` **75** |
| pitch, half throttle | 388 /s | 73.7 °/s | (between, see below) |
| pitch, maximum speed | 1 821 /s | **41.1 °/s** | `AV_PitchMinus_Max` **40** |
| roll, minimum speed | 110 /s | 129.5 °/s | `AV_Roll_Min` 200 |
| roll, maximum speed | 1 722 /s | 149.3 °/s | `AV_Roll_Max` 125 |

**Pitch lands on 75 and 40 — the definition's own numbers, with no scale factor.**
So the ~1.2× I attributed to the emulated time base was an artefact of measuring
during the `AA_*` acceleration ramp with too little settle, and that explanation is
**withdrawn**: angular rates need no correction, and a reimplementation should use
`AV_*` verbatim.

What remains unexplained is only on the **linear** side: settled speeds still read
high and vary between runs (`RT` full measured 1 342 in one flight and 1 821 in
another, against `MaximumVelocity` 1 200), which is what a craft being shoved around
in a firefight looks like. The HUD, meanwhile, reads exactly `CruisingVelocity` at
neutral throttle. A clean linear measurement wants a quiet corner of a map, not this
one — until then, no cause is claimed.

**Roll, re-measured with proper settles, confirms the axis difference**: 129.5 at
110 /s and 149.3 at 1 722 /s — no speed dependence, both near `AV_Roll_Max` **125**,
where pitch moved 75 → 40 across the same range. The mid-throttle pitch point does
not discriminate lerp-versus-switch, because at half throttle the craft only reached
388 /s, where an interpolation would predict ~66 °/s against a measured 73.7 — inside
this probe's noise.

Raw samples: [`captures/turn-law-settled.csv`](captures/turn-law-settled.csv).

---

# The linear discrepancy is real, and it is between WORLD units and DISPLAYED speed

Last section removed the "time base" explanation by showing settled *angular* rates
match the definition exactly. That leaves the linear side, and the HUD settles it:
screenshotting the speed readout at each throttle step, next to the position-derived
measurement of the same moment
([`captures/throttle-curve-hud.csv`](captures/throttle-curve-hud.csv)):

| `RT` | HUD readout | position-derived | ratio |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.00 | **350** (= `CruisingVelocity`) | ~447 | 1.28 |
| 0.25 | **507** | ~652 | 1.29 |
| 0.75 | **963** | ~1 141 | 1.19 |

Two things follow.

* **The HUD speaks the definition's language.** It reads exactly `CruisingVelocity`
  at neutral and climbs toward `MaximumVelocity` as the trigger is pressed — 963 at
  three-quarters, against the 987 the interpolation predicts. So the throttle law
  stated above is confirmed in the game's *own* units, independent of any position
  sampling.
* **World displacement runs ~1.2× the displayed speed.** Since the angular rates
  need no such factor, this is not a clock effect: it is a **unit difference between
  the position triple and the velocity fields**. A reimplementation that places
  entities in world coordinates and moves them at `MaximumVelocity` will be ~20 %
  slow.

🟡 The ratio is 1.19–1.29 across the three points rather than a clean constant, and
every sample was taken in a firefight where the craft is also being pushed. Pinning
it exactly wants a quiet map or a scripted straight run; the *existence and rough
size* of the factor is what these measurements support.

**A methodological note worth keeping.** This line of work went: hold a trigger →
"three target speeds" → analogue interpolation → an unexplained 1.2× → "time base"
→ withdrawn → a *unit* difference confined to the linear side. Every step came from
one of two moves: **let a held input vary** (the trigger's analogue range), or
**bring in an independent oracle** (the HUD, the definitions, a longer settle). The
wrong turn — the time base — came from explaining a number instead of first
measuring the same quantity a second, cleaner way.

---

# ✅ The linear factor IS the clock — measured against the game's own mission timer

The cleanest possible version of the linear measurement: neutral throttle (HUD reads
exactly `CruisingVelocity` 350), sticks centred, **20 s of perfectly straight flight**
(`straightness = displacement/path = 1.000`, so no manoeuvring contaminates it) —
[`tools/re-capture/cruise_ratio.py`](../../tools/re-capture/cruise_ratio.py):

```
displacement 8 900 world units in 20.1 s  ->  443.6 /s
ratio vs the HUD's 350                    ->  1.267
```

And the game's **own clock**, read off the HUD across a wall-clock interval:

```
mission TIME 00:08.79 -> 00:46.97   =  38.18 s of game time
wall clock                          =  30.29 s
ratio                               =  1.260
```

**1.260 against 1.267 — the same number.** So the linear "discrepancy" was never a
unit difference: **the mission clock runs ~1.26× faster than wall time under this
emulator**, and a speed derived by dividing world displacement by *wall* seconds is
inflated by exactly that. World units and the displayed speed share one unit, and a
reimplementation should take `CruisingVelocity`/`MaximumVelocity` at face value —
per **game** second.

This supersedes the previous section's "world-unit vs displayed-speed difference".

❔ **One thing does not fit, and is left open.** The settled turn rates measured
74.9 and 41.1 °/s *in wall time* against `AV_PitchMinus_{Min,Max}` 75/40 — but if
game time runs 1.26× fast, a 75 °/game-second cap should have read ~94 °/wall-second.
Either that agreement was luck inside a noisy sample (the per-window rates spanned
61–96), or angular integration is frame-based where linear is time-based. The check:
re-measure pitch and convert wall→game seconds with the clock ratio, expecting ~94
if the clock explanation is universal.

---

# ✅ The clock factor applies to the ANGULAR side too — and it varies per run

The open question was whether the ~1.26× mission-clock factor explains only the
linear measurements. Measuring **both in the same run** settles it
([`tools/re-capture/pitch_gametime.py`](../../tools/re-capture/pitch_gametime.py):
HUD screenshots bracket each turn phase, so the mission clock's own advance converts
wall seconds to game seconds):

```
this run's clock:  TIME 00:33.68 -> 00:44.12  =  10.44 s game  in  7.96 s wall  =  1.311
```

| phase | wall-time rate | ÷ 1.311 → game-time | definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| pitch, minimum speed | 88.9 °/s | **67.8 °/s** | `AV_PitchMinus_Min` **75** (0.90×) |
| pitch, maximum speed | 53.6 °/s | **40.9 °/s** | `AV_PitchMinus_Max` **40** (1.02×) |

So with the clock correction both land on the definition (the slow phase runs 10 %
low, consistent with the `AA_*` ramp being included in an 8 s window). **The clock
explanation is universal**: every rate the game states is per **game** second, and a
probe that divides by wall seconds reads high by that run's ratio.

**And the ratio is not a constant of the machine — it varies with scene load**:
1.260 in the earlier flight, **1.311** here. It has to be measured *in the same run*
as whatever it is correcting, which is why this probe brackets its own phases with
HUD screenshots.

Bonus confirmation from the same screenshots: at full `LT` the HUD reads **102**,
against `MinimumVelocity` **100** — the throttle law's lower endpoint, in the game's
own units.

## The trap that cost three runs: a dead emulator looks alive

A killed Canary leaves **both** its `/dev/shm/xenia_memory_*` image *and* its last
frame on the X display. So the screenshot shows a mission in progress, the memory
image still parses, and the scans quietly report `0 moving triples` / "player entity
not found" — which reads like a tooling bug. `pgrep -x xenia_canary` does **not**
help: zombies match it. `speed_law.require_live_emulator()` now checks the process
*state letter* and refuses to measure a corpse, naming the stale image in its error.

---

# ⚠️ The roll result is WITHDRAWN — the probe was not isolating roll

Re-running the roll phases with 5 s settles and in-run clock brackets
([`tools/re-capture/roll_gametime.py`](../../tools/re-capture/roll_gametime.py)):

```
this run's clock:  TIME 00:34.93 -> 00:45.97  =  11.04 s game in 7.98 s wall  =  1.383
minimum speed:  90.6 °/wall-s  ÷ 1.383 ->  65.5 °/game-s   (AV_Roll_Min 200)
maximum speed:  59.1 °/wall-s  ÷ 1.383 ->  42.7 °/game-s   (AV_Roll_Max 125)
```

Two things are wrong with reading this as "roll".

* The corrected numbers — **65.5 and 42.7** — are within a few per cent of the
  **pitch** run's **67.8 and 40.9**. Two different stick axes producing the same
  rates is the signature of a measurement that is not separating them.
* Watching a non-forward matrix row sees **any** rotation that moves that row, and
  pitch moves it as much as roll does. The forward row was the wrong thing to avoid;
  what is needed is the rotation **about** the forward axis — project the row onto
  the plane perpendicular to forward and track the angle of that projection.

So the earlier conclusion — *"roll shows no speed dependence, unlike pitch"* — is
**withdrawn**. It rested on 2 s settles (which this session has twice shown to
produce wrong answers) and on a row that mixes the axes. The two runs do not even
agree with each other (144/150 then, 90.6/59.1 now), which is itself the tell.

What survives: `AV_Roll_{Min,Max}` are **not** confirmed, and the axis question —
does roll follow the same speed rule as pitch? — is **open**, with the correct
measurement specified above.

**The clock ratio has now been measured three times in three flights: 1.260, 1.311,
1.383.** It is not a property of the machine but of the moment, so any rate probe
must bracket its own phases.


## Roll, re-measured about the forward axis — the withdrawal is reversed ✅

The earlier roll result was withdrawn because the *measurement* was wrong, not the
input: watching a non-forward row of the rotation matrix sees **any** rotation that
moves that row, and pitch moves it as much as roll, which is why two different stick
axes produced the same rates. `tools/re-capture/roll_axis.py` measures rotation
**about** the forward axis instead — express the new up-vector in the old
`(up, right)` basis and take `atan2(u_new·w_old, u_new·u_old)`, so any component
along forward (what pitch produces) is dropped by construction.

Run on stage 02 with the container-safe file pad, which matters here: the pad state
is written whole, so the stick is deflected on **exactly one axis** (`lx=32767`,
every other channel exactly 0) while the throttle trigger is held in the same write.
5-second settles, 8-second dwells, and each phase bracketed by HUD-clock screenshots
because the clock ratio is a property of the moment (1.260/1.311/1.383 previously).

| phase | swept | wall | HUD clock | per **game** second | definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| min speed (`LT`) | 1 856.9° | 8.01 s | 01:20.64 → 01:30.63 (×1.247) | **185.9 °/s** | `AV_Roll_Min` **200** |
| max speed (`RT`) | 1 181.2° | 8.02 s | 01:37.11 → 01:46.88 (×1.218) | **120.9 °/s** | `AV_Roll_Max` **125** |

**Roll DOES depend on speed**, and the withdrawn claim ("roll shows no speed
dependence, unlike pitch") is **reversed**. Roll behaves exactly like pitch: the rate
cap falls as speed rises, and `_Min`/`_Max` mean *at minimum / at maximum speed* —
the same rule the pitch work established, now confirmed on a second axis rather than
contradicted by it.

Both measurements land **just under** their caps (93 % and 97 %), which is the right
side for a rate limit. 🟡 The shortfall is not explained: candidates are the craft not
being exactly at min/max speed after 5 s, and the swept-angle sum slightly
undercounting at 20 Hz. Neither is worth a claim without measuring it.

Method note: the tell that the *old* result was broken was two conditions agreeing
too well (pitch ≈ roll). The tell that this one is sound is that they now **disagree
in the direction the definitions predict**, on two independently-bracketed phases.
Data: [`captures/roll-about-forward-axis.csv`](captures/roll-about-forward-axis.csv).


## Which input drives which axis — and the yaw answer ✅

`tools/re-capture/axis_probe.py` holds one channel at a time (file pad, so every
other channel is exactly zero) and decomposes the result into **all three** rotation
components at once, rather than measuring one axis through a row that moves under any
rotation — the flaw that once made roll and pitch produce identical numbers.

**The row labelling is measured, not assumed.** `entities2` pins row 2 = forward
against velocity; the probe pins the other two by comparing **world-Y** in flight:

```
row world-Y means: [0.469, 0.883, -0.000]   forward = row 2
  -> up = row 1, right = row 0   CONFIDENT
```

That is the **opposite** of the D3D convention an earlier run assumed, which means
that run's *yaw* and *pitch* columns were swapped — under the correct labels its
`ly+` reading of 154.1 °/wall-s is **pitch**, which is what a left-stick Y axis
should do.

| input | roll | yaw | pitch | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| `rx` right-stick X | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | nothing |
| `ry` right-stick Y | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | nothing |
| `LB` | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | nothing |
| `RB` | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | nothing (it is the nose gun) |
| `lx` left-stick X | 209.8 | ~0 | ~10 | **roll** |
| `ly` left-stick Y | ~0 | ~0 | 154.1 | **pitch** |

These zeros are **trustworthy**, unlike the previous attempt's: the four unknown
inputs were measured *first*, each passing a liveness check, and the run aborted the
moment the craft stopped moving instead of reporting the clean zeros a destroyed
craft produces.

**So no pad input yaws the craft directly.** `AV_Yaw_*` (45/25) exists in the unit
definitions but nothing on the right stick or the shoulders drives it — the earlier
❔ *"no input found"* is upgraded from "we could not find one" to **"the remaining
candidates measurably do nothing"**. The natural reading is that yaw is a
*consequence* of banking rather than a commanded axis, which a reimplementation
should model as such.

🟡 Not covered: the **d-pad** (the tactical map) and the **face buttons** (fire /
weapon select). Neither is a plausible flight axis, but neither was measured here.
Data: [`captures/axis-probe-rows-pinned.csv`](captures/axis-probe-rows-pinned.csv).


## ⚠️ Angular-rate probes measure a MOVING speed — the dwell bleeds it

Measuring pitch with the rows properly pinned gave, for
`UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_Player` (whose own disc values are
`AV_PitchPlus_Min` **150°**, `AV_PitchPlus_Max` **70°**):

| phase | swept | clock | per game-s | cap |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| min speed (`LT`) | 1 391.0° / 8.00 s | ×1.326 | **131.1** | 150 |
| max speed (`RT`) | 989.0° / 8.05 s | ×1.318 | **93.2** | 70 — **133 % of cap** |

A rate 33 % *above* a cap is not a finding, it is a broken instrument, so read the
HUD speed off the same bracketing screenshots that gave the clock:

```
slow phase   102  ->   18
fast phase  1193  ->  589
```

**The speed is not constant during the dwell — pitching bleeds it hard**, halving it
in 8 seconds. The rate cap is itself speed-dependent, so as the craft slowed its cap
*rose*, and the 8-second average necessarily lands between the max-speed cap and a
mid-speed one. The 133 % is fully explained by the instrument.

**This weakens the roll numbers above as well.** They were taken the same way, so
`120.9` vs `AV_Roll_Max` `125` is *consistent* but is **not a tight test** — the true
max-speed roll cap could be lower and still produce that average. The min-speed
figures are less affected (there is little speed left to lose).

**How to measure it properly** (not yet done): keep the dwell to ~1–2 s so the speed
barely moves, or sample the HUD speed continuously and fit rate against
*instantaneous* speed rather than assuming the endpoint. The second is strictly
better and gives the whole rate-vs-speed curve rather than two points.

**And a flight-model finding in its own right:** *turning costs speed*, steeply —
1 193 → 589 under 8 s of full pitch, with the throttle still held at maximum. A
reimplementation that treats the throttle as setting a speed the craft simply holds
will be wrong during manoeuvres. Data:
[`captures/pitch-rate-speed-bleed.csv`](captures/pitch-rate-speed-bleed.csv).


## ⚠️ Polling faster than the guest updates manufactures a curve

Trying to fit rate against *instantaneous* speed (`rate_curve.py`, one long hold so
the speed-bleed sweeps the range) produced a beautifully clean result that is
entirely an artefact:

```
speed    0- 599   rate  29.4          speed 1199-1798   rate 279.8
speed  599-1199   rate 174.9          speed 1798-2398   rate 317.5
```

Rate rising with speed, and speeds to **4 795** when the craft's maximum is 1 200.
The cause: **20 Hz polling is faster than the guest updates these fields**, so a
per-read delta is either exactly zero (no update yet) or a whole frame's worth
divided by a fraction of a frame. In that run **111 of 352 reads were zero on BOTH
channels** — position and attitude update on the same frame, so the two are
perfectly correlated, and dividing each by the short wall `dt` produced a tidy
correlation out of nothing.

**Fix: aggregate over windows spanning many frames** (0.5 s here). The sum of
`|Δ|` over a window is right however the updates fall inside it.

**This does NOT affect the swept-total probes** (`roll_axis.py`, `rate_probe.py`):
they already summed over the whole dwell, which is immune for the same reason. Only
per-sample instantaneous rates were ever wrong.

🟡 **The windowed re-run is not yet a result.** It gives plausible magnitudes
(speed 320–935, rate 80–149 °/wall-s) but still shows rate *rising* with speed,
against the definition's `AV_PitchPlus_Min` 150 > `_Max` 70. Two disqualifiers: it
ran on an instance where the craft was already tumbling from the previous sweep, so
the row pinning reported **WEAK — craft may not be level**, and the starting speed
was mid-range rather than maximum. A clean answer needs a **fresh flight**, pinning
CONFIDENT, one sweep, nothing before it. Recorded as an open question rather than a
finding — the definitions' `_Min`/`_Max` meaning is exactly what is in doubt, so a
measurement taken through a doubtful instrument cannot settle it.

Data: [aliased, for reference](captures/rate-curve-aliased-BAD.csv) ·
[windowed](captures/rate-curve-windowed.csv).


## The clean sweep: magnitudes agree, the LAW does not follow 🟡

Fresh flight, row pinning **CONFIDENT** (margin 0.413), one sweep and nothing before
it — the conditions the previous attempt lacked. Clock 01:16.08 → 01:41.46 (×1.26).
Binned by speed, both converted to game units:

| speed (game) | measured °/game-s | linear interpolation of the caps |
|---|---|---|
| ~435 | 100.8 | 125.6 |
| ~572 | 113.8 | 115.7 |
| ~709 | 126.3 | 105.7 |
| ~846 | 83.1 | 95.7 |
| ~983 | 72.7 | 85.8 |

(prediction = `AV_PitchPlus_Min` 150 at `MinimumVelocity` 100 → `_Max` 70 at
`MaximumVelocity` 1200, interpolated linearly.)

**What this supports:** the magnitudes are right — measured 73–126 °/game-s across
speeds 400–1 050 against a predicted 86–126 — and the high-speed end falls, as a
speed-dependent cap should.

**What it does not support:** the interpolation *law*. The scatter is ±25 %, the two
fastest bins hold only 1 and 2 windows each (they are the first moments before the
speed bled), and the slowest bin disagrees in the wrong direction (100.8 measured vs
125.6 predicted). A sweep that is *driven* by the speed bleeding cannot spend long at
either extreme, which is exactly where the law is most testable.

**The design that would settle it**, and why this one cannot: hold a *settled*
throttle, pitch for only **~1 second**, and read the rate — the speed barely moves
inside a 1 s burst, so each burst yields one honest `(speed, rate)` point. Repeat at
`LT` / neutral / `RT` for three clean points at known speeds, instead of one smeared
sweep. Data:
[`captures/pitch-rate-curve-clean.csv`](captures/pitch-rate-curve-clean.csv).


## ✅ Short bursts at settled speeds: the law's SHAPE is confirmed, clock-free

The design the sweep could not provide: settle the throttle, measure the settled
speed, then pitch for **one second** so the speed barely moves inside the burst.
Three throttle settings, two repeats each, row pin **CONFIDENT**, fresh flight.

| throttle | burst speed (wall) | rate (°/wall-s) |
|---|---|---|
| `LT` min | ~105 | 113.6, 109.5 |
| none, cruise | ~383 | 100.2, 88.4 |
| `RT` max | ~1 483 | 52.2, 70.5 |

**Rate falls monotonically with speed** — 111.5 → 94.3 → 61.4 — measured at three
*known, settled* speeds rather than smeared across a bleeding one.

**And the decisive comparison needs no clock at all.** Absolute rates depend on the
run's clock ratio, but the **min:max ratio cancels it**:

```
measured min:max            = 1.82
AV_PitchMinus_Min/Max 75/40 = 1.88   ->  3.0 % apart
AV_PitchPlus_Min/Max 150/70 = 2.14   -> 15.1 % apart
```

So two things follow, neither resting on a clock measurement:

1. **`_Min` / `_Max` really do mean "at minimum / at maximum speed"**, with the rate
   interpolating between them — the shape is confirmed to 3 %.
2. **`ly+` drives pitch-MINUS**, not pitch-plus. The craft has asymmetric pitch
   authority (75/40 down versus 150/70 up), and the ratio picks the pair cleanly.

🟡 **Absolute magnitudes are still open** — this run did not bracket the HUD clock, so
deg/*game*-second cannot be computed from it, and choosing a ratio that makes the
numbers fit would be circular. The probe now takes clock screenshots at both ends so
the next run closes it. Data:
[`captures/pitch-burst-settled-speeds.csv`](captures/pitch-burst-settled-speeds.csv).