xenia-rs/migration/project-root/ppc-manual/control/mtmsr.md

# `mtmsr` — Move to Machine State Register

> **Category:** [Control / CR / SPR](../categories/control.md) · **Form:** [X](../forms/X.md) · **Opcode:** `0x7c000124` · _sync_

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## Assembler Mnemonics

| Mnemonic | XML entry | Flags | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `mtmsr` | `mtmsr` | — | Move to Machine State Register |

## Syntax

```asm
mtmsr [RS]
```

## Encoding

### `mtmsr` — form `X`

- **Opcode word:** `0x7c000124`
- **Primary opcode (bits 0–5):** `31`
- **Extended opcode:** `146`
- **Synchronising:** yes

| Bits | Field | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0–5 | `OPCD` | primary opcode |
| 6–10 | `RT/FRT/VRT` | destination |
| 11–15 | `RA/FRA/VRA` | source A |
| 16–20 | `RB/FRB/VRB` | source B |
| 21–30 | `XO` | extended opcode (10 bits) |
| 31 | `Rc` | record-form flag |

## Operands

| Field | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `RS` | mtmsr: read | Source GPR (alias for RD in some stores). |
| `MSR` | mtmsr: write | Machine State Register. |

## Register Effects

### `mtmsr`

- **Reads (always):** `RS`
- **Reads (conditional):** _none_
- **Writes (always):** `MSR`
- **Writes (conditional):** _none_

## Status-Register Effects

_No condition-register or status-register effects._

## Operation (pseudocode)

```
; Pseudocode derives directly from the xenia-rs interpreter
; arm (see Implementation References). Operation semantics:
;   - Read source operands from the fields listed under Operands.
;   - Apply the arithmetic / logical / memory action described
;     in the Description field above.
;   - Write results to the destination register(s); update any
;     status bits enumerated under Status-Register Effects.
; Consult the IBM AIX reference link under IBM Reference for
; canonical PPC-style pseudocode where xenia's expression is
; terse.
```

## C Translation Example

```c
/* C translation: the xenia-rs interpreter arm below in           */
/* Implementation References is the authoritative semantic        */
/* snapshot. Translate it line-by-line:                            */
/*   - ctx.gpr[N]  -> r[N]       (or f[]/v[] for FPRs/VRs)        */
/*   - mem.read_u*/write_u* -> mem_read_u*_be / mem_write_u*_be   */
/*   - ctx.update_cr_signed(fld, v) -> update_cr_signed(fld, v)   */
/*   - ctx.xer_ca / xer_ov / xer_so -> xer.CA / xer.OV / xer.SO   */
/* The Register Effects and Status-Register Effects tables above  */
/* enumerate every side effect a faithful translation must emit.  */
```

## Implementation References

**`mtmsr`**
- xenia-canary XML: [`tools/ppc-instructions.xml` — search for `mnem="mtmsr"`](../../xenia-canary/tools/ppc-instructions.xml)
- xenia-canary emit: [`src/xenia/cpu/ppc/ppc_emit_control.cc:822`](../../xenia-canary/src/xenia/cpu/ppc/ppc_emit_control.cc#L822)
- xenia-rs opcode: [`crates/xenia-cpu/src/opcode.rs:55`](../../xenia-rs/crates/xenia-cpu/src/opcode.rs#L55)
- xenia-rs decoder: [`crates/xenia-cpu/src/decoder.rs:780`](../../xenia-rs/crates/xenia-cpu/src/decoder.rs#L780)
- xenia-rs interpreter: [`crates/xenia-cpu/src/interpreter.rs:1649-1663`](../../xenia-rs/crates/xenia-cpu/src/interpreter.rs#L1649-L1663)
<details><summary>xenia-rs interpreter body (frozen snapshot)</summary>

```rust
        PpcOpcode::mtmsr | PpcOpcode::mtmsrd => {
            // PPCBUG-078: mtmsrd L=1 is a partial-MSR-write — only MSR[EE]
            // (u64 bit 15) and MSR[RI] (u64 bit 0) are modified; all other
            // MSR bits preserved. Used by kernel code to re-enable external
            // interrupts without disturbing the rest of the MSR.
            let l = (instr.raw >> (31 - 15)) & 1;
            let rs = ctx.gpr[instr.rs()];
            if matches!(instr.opcode, PpcOpcode::mtmsrd) && l == 1 {
                let mask: u64 = (1u64 << 15) | 1u64;
                ctx.msr = (ctx.msr & !mask) | (rs & mask);
            } else {
                ctx.msr = rs;
            }
            ctx.pc += 4;
        }
```
</details>

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## Special Cases & Edge Conditions

- **Privileged.** `mtmsr` is supervisor-only on real hardware. Executing it from problem state raises a Privileged Instruction interrupt. Game code never emits it; only the kernel and exception-return paths use it.
- **32-bit form.** `mtmsr` writes the **low 32 bits** of MSR (legacy PPC32 form). On the Xenon (a PPC64 implementation), use [`mtmsrd`](mtmsrd.md) for the full 64-bit MSR. Some Xenon kernel sequences still use `mtmsr` to leave the high half untouched while flipping low-half flags like EE/PR.
- **Synchronisation.** Marked `sync` — `mtmsr` is **execution-synchronising**. The Xenon must drain all preceding instructions before the new MSR takes effect, and PowerISA recommends a following `isync` to guarantee subsequent instructions execute under the new MSR.
- **`L` operand.** Modern PowerISA defines an `L` bit selecting "EE/RI only" (`L=1`) versus "all" (`L=0`); xenia-rs ignores `L` and writes the entire MSR. Real Xbox 360 kernel code uses both `L=0` and `L=1`.
- **xenia model.** Treats MSR as a flat `u64` field. Both `mtmsr` and `mtmsrd` execute the same body — `ctx.msr = ctx.gpr[rs]`. No privilege or atomicity is enforced; no side effects on TLB / interrupt mask / endianness are simulated.
- **No CR / XER side effects.**
- **Caveat for translators.** Because the host kernel runs natively in xenia, the guest MSR has no architectural meaning beyond storage. Code that reads it back via [`mfmsr`](mfmsr.md) will see exactly what was last written.

## Related Instructions

- [`mfmsr`](mfmsr.md) — read MSR.
- [`mtmsrd`](mtmsrd.md) — 64-bit form (writes the entire MSR).
- [`sc`](../branch/sc.md) — kernel entry; the kernel handler typically uses `mtmsr`/`rfid` to return.
- [`isync`](mtmsr.md) — companion fence after MSR writes.

`mtmsr` has no simplified mnemonics.

## IBM Reference

- [AIX 7.3 — `mtmsr` (Move to Machine State Register)](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.3.0?topic=set-mtmsr-move-machine-state-register-instruction)
- PowerISA v2.07B, Book III §4.3.1 — MSR field definitions and `L`-bit semantics.