xenia-rs/migration/project-root/ppc-manual/control/mtmsrd.md

# `mtmsrd` — Move to Machine State Register Doubleword

> **Category:** [Control / CR / SPR](../categories/control.md) · **Form:** [X](../forms/X.md) · **Opcode:** `0x7c000164` · _sync_

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## Assembler Mnemonics

| Mnemonic | XML entry | Flags | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `mtmsrd` | `mtmsrd` | — | Move to Machine State Register Doubleword |

## Syntax

```asm
mtmsrd [RS]
```

## Encoding

### `mtmsrd` — form `X`

- **Opcode word:** `0x7c000164`
- **Primary opcode (bits 0–5):** `31`
- **Extended opcode:** `178`
- **Synchronising:** yes

| Bits | Field | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0–5 | `OPCD` | primary opcode |
| 6–10 | `RT/FRT/VRT` | destination |
| 11–15 | `RA/FRA/VRA` | source A |
| 16–20 | `RB/FRB/VRB` | source B |
| 21–30 | `XO` | extended opcode (10 bits) |
| 31 | `Rc` | record-form flag |

## Operands

| Field | Role | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `RS` | mtmsrd: read | Source GPR (alias for RD in some stores). |
| `MSR` | mtmsrd: write | Machine State Register. |

## Register Effects

### `mtmsrd`

- **Reads (always):** `RS`
- **Reads (conditional):** _none_
- **Writes (always):** `MSR`
- **Writes (conditional):** _none_

## Status-Register Effects

_No condition-register or status-register effects._

## Operation (pseudocode)

```
; Pseudocode derives directly from the xenia-rs interpreter
; arm (see Implementation References). Operation semantics:
;   - Read source operands from the fields listed under Operands.
;   - Apply the arithmetic / logical / memory action described
;     in the Description field above.
;   - Write results to the destination register(s); update any
;     status bits enumerated under Status-Register Effects.
; Consult the IBM AIX reference link under IBM Reference for
; canonical PPC-style pseudocode where xenia's expression is
; terse.
```

## C Translation Example

```c
/* C translation: the xenia-rs interpreter arm below in           */
/* Implementation References is the authoritative semantic        */
/* snapshot. Translate it line-by-line:                            */
/*   - ctx.gpr[N]  -> r[N]       (or f[]/v[] for FPRs/VRs)        */
/*   - mem.read_u*/write_u* -> mem_read_u*_be / mem_write_u*_be   */
/*   - ctx.update_cr_signed(fld, v) -> update_cr_signed(fld, v)   */
/*   - ctx.xer_ca / xer_ov / xer_so -> xer.CA / xer.OV / xer.SO   */
/* The Register Effects and Status-Register Effects tables above  */
/* enumerate every side effect a faithful translation must emit.  */
```

## Implementation References

**`mtmsrd`**
- xenia-canary XML: [`tools/ppc-instructions.xml` — search for `mnem="mtmsrd"`](../../xenia-canary/tools/ppc-instructions.xml)
- xenia-canary emit: [`src/xenia/cpu/ppc/ppc_emit_control.cc:827`](../../xenia-canary/src/xenia/cpu/ppc/ppc_emit_control.cc#L827)
- xenia-rs opcode: [`crates/xenia-cpu/src/opcode.rs:55`](../../xenia-rs/crates/xenia-cpu/src/opcode.rs#L55)
- xenia-rs decoder: [`crates/xenia-cpu/src/decoder.rs:785`](../../xenia-rs/crates/xenia-cpu/src/decoder.rs#L785)
- xenia-rs interpreter: [`crates/xenia-cpu/src/interpreter.rs:1649-1663`](../../xenia-rs/crates/xenia-cpu/src/interpreter.rs#L1649-L1663)
<details><summary>xenia-rs interpreter body (frozen snapshot)</summary>

```rust
        PpcOpcode::mtmsr | PpcOpcode::mtmsrd => {
            // PPCBUG-078: mtmsrd L=1 is a partial-MSR-write — only MSR[EE]
            // (u64 bit 15) and MSR[RI] (u64 bit 0) are modified; all other
            // MSR bits preserved. Used by kernel code to re-enable external
            // interrupts without disturbing the rest of the MSR.
            let l = (instr.raw >> (31 - 15)) & 1;
            let rs = ctx.gpr[instr.rs()];
            if matches!(instr.opcode, PpcOpcode::mtmsrd) && l == 1 {
                let mask: u64 = (1u64 << 15) | 1u64;
                ctx.msr = (ctx.msr & !mask) | (rs & mask);
            } else {
                ctx.msr = rs;
            }
            ctx.pc += 4;
        }
```
</details>

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## Special Cases & Edge Conditions

- **Privileged.** Like [`mtmsr`](mtmsr.md), supervisor-only. Game code never emits it.
- **64-bit form.** Writes all 64 MSR bits — including `MSR[SF]` (bit 0) which selects 64-bit mode, `MSR[HV]` (bit 3, hypervisor), `MSR[EE]` (32, external interrupts), `MSR[PR]` (33, problem state), `MSR[FP]` (34), `MSR[ME]` (35, machine-check enable), `MSR[DR]`/`MSR[IR]` (data/instruction translation, 38/39), `MSR[RI]` (63, recoverable interrupt). On the Xenon kernel this is the canonical MSR-write instruction.
- **`L` operand.** Same `L`-bit selector as `mtmsr`: `L=1` updates only `MSR[EE]` and `MSR[RI]`; `L=0` updates the full register. xenia-rs ignores `L` and always writes the full doubleword (matching the typical kernel use).
- **Synchronisation.** Marked `sync` — execution-synchronising. PowerISA recommends `isync` afterwards if subsequent fetch / data semantics depend on the new MSR.
- **xenia model.** Shares one interpreter arm with `mtmsr`: `ctx.msr = ctx.gpr[rs]`. No architectural side effects beyond writing the storage; no privilege check.
- **No CR / XER updates.**
- **Used in interrupt return paths.** Kernel handlers commonly write SRR1 (saved MSR) into MSR via `mtmsrd` followed by `rfid` to atomically restore state and jump to SRR0.

## Related Instructions

- [`mfmsr`](mfmsr.md) — read MSR.
- [`mtmsr`](mtmsr.md) — 32-bit form (low half only).
- [`sc`](../branch/sc.md) — kernel entry; the kernel typically pairs `mtmsrd` + `rfid` to return.

`mtmsrd` has no simplified mnemonics.

## IBM Reference

- [AIX 7.3 — `mtmsrd` (Move to Machine State Register Doubleword)](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.3.0?topic=set-mtmsrd-move-machine-state-register-doubleword-instruction)
- PowerISA v2.07B, Book III §4.3.1 — MSR field definitions, `L`-bit semantics, and 64-bit-mode rules.