re(flight): the ramp test is inconclusive, and names the tool the residual needs

To separate "a 1 s burst never reaches the steady rate" from "a per-axis
multiplier", measure inside ONE hold: successive 0.25 s windows of a single 3 s
press, holding speed, attitude and starting conditions constant by construction.

    rep0 rate   16   59  325  209  130  322  238  110  310  151  183
    rep1 rate   52  181  231  246  236  169  368  195  181  255  182

Not usable. At 0.25 s the windows do not contain enough guest updates to average,
so rate and speed both swing 3x window to window -- the same aliasing that once
manufactured a rate-vs-speed curve, reappearing at finer resolution. The first
window is lowest in BOTH repeats, which is what a ramp would look like, but the
sequence never plateaus, so the signal cannot be separated from the sampling. No
claim either way.

Widening the window does not rescue it: 0.5 s averages well enough, but a hold
long enough to contain several 0.5 s windows bleeds speed -- and speed is the
variable under test. The two effects are entangled at this observation rate.

So the residual needs a different INSTRUMENT, not another script. Live-RAM polling
samples an unsynchronised snapshot; the question wants the craft's angular
velocity as the guest computes it, once per frame. That is a Canary-side hook --
the same shape as the existing F10 ship-capture patch -- and the rebuild toolchain
already makes it cheap. Recorded as the recommendation rather than attempted as a
seventh variation of the same measurement.

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/achievements_map.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//! RE probe: the `ACHIEVEMENTS_REQUIREMENTS` config list.
+//!
+//! `GamePart_Debriefing` (`0x8218CF38`..`0x82191B18`) walks this list after a
+//! mission (`sub_8218F9A8`): for each entry it takes the entry's **index** `n`,
+//! tests bit `n` of an awarded-mask, and if the bit is clear it evaluates the
+//! entry (`0x8218FAB0`) and sets the bit when satisfied. `GamePart_ChallengeMission`
+//! then gates each challenge mission on a bit of the same space via its own
+//! `REQUIREMENT` key. So this list *is* the achievement/bit numbering.
+//!
+//! Run: cargo run --release -p sylpheed-formats --example achievements_map -- <disc-root>
+
+use sylpheed_formats::{idxd::IdxdObject, pak::PakArchive};
+
+fn find(h: &[u8], n: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    h.windows(n.len()).any(|w| w == n)
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let disc = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        std::env::var("SYLPHEED_DISC").expect("pass disc root or set SYLPHEED_DISC")
+    });
+    let dat = format!("{disc}/dat");
+    let mut paks: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(&dat)
+        .expect("dat dir")
+        .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
+        .map(|e| e.path())
+        .filter(|p| p.extension().is_some_and(|x| x == "pak"))
+        .collect();
+    paks.sort();
+
+    for p in &paks {
+        let Ok(arc) = PakArchive::open(p) else { continue };
+        for (i, e) in arc.entries().iter().enumerate() {
+            let Ok(b) = arc.read(e) else { continue };
+            if !find(&b, b"ACHIEVEMENTS_REQUIREMENTS") {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let name = p.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+            match IdxdObject::parse(&b) {
+                Ok(o) => {
+                    let t = o.tokens();
+                    println!(
+                        "\n===== {name} entry #{i}  schema {:08x}  {} tokens =====",
+                        o.schema_hash,
+                        t.len()
+                    );
+                    for (j, tok) in t.iter().enumerate() {
+                        println!("  {j:3}  {tok}");
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(err) => println!("\n===== {name} entry #{i}: not IDXD ({err}) ====="),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/better_home.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//! Does a resource have a CLEANER home in its container than the one we picked?
+//!
+//! After the pad-scoring fix, only two resources on the disc still decode to an
+//! index run with degenerate triangles — `e201_bdy_03_m` (2 containers) and
+//! `_rou_f402_dead` (9). Degeneracy says the run does not fit the pool, so either
+//! the vertex block is wrong or the candidate list never offered the right one.
+//! This walks every candidate vertex-run start for the resource's declaration and
+//! scores each `(start, pad)` the way the anchor now does — degenerate triangles
+//! first, then winding, plus coverage — so the answer is one of:
+//!   * a strictly cleaner candidate exists (the selection is at fault),
+//!   * several are equally clean (genuinely ambiguous), or
+//!   * nothing is clean (the block is not in the candidate list at all).
+//!
+//! Usage: better_home <container.xpr> <resource-name>
+use sylpheed_formats::mesh::{debug_resource_params, debug_vertex_run_starts, Xbg7Model};
+
+fn be16(b: &[u8], at: usize) -> u32 {
+    ((b[at] as u32) << 8) | b[at + 1] as u32
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let a: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(&a[1]).expect("container");
+    let name = &a[2];
+
+    let Some((markers, stride)) = debug_resource_params(&bytes, name) else {
+        eprintln!("no such XBG7 resource: {name}");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    };
+    let (vc, ic) = markers[0];
+    println!("{name}: {} marker(s), first = {vc} verts / {ic} indices, stride {stride}", markers.len());
+
+    // Where did the decoder put it?
+    let ours = Xbg7Model::stage_models(&bytes)
+        .into_iter()
+        .find(|m| m.name == *name)
+        .and_then(|m| m.meshes.first().and_then(|s| s.vbuf_offset));
+    println!("our anchor: {ours:?}");
+
+    let starts = debug_vertex_run_starts(&bytes, stride);
+    println!("{} candidate vertex-run starts for stride {stride}", starts.len());
+
+    // Score every (start, pad): degenerate triangles, winding against the stored
+    // normals, and whether the run covers the pool exactly.
+    let mut rows: Vec<(usize, f32, usize, usize, usize, bool)> = Vec::new(); // degen, wind, start, pad, max_idx, covered
+    for &vb in &starts {
+        for pad in 0..=3usize {
+            if vb < ic * 2 + pad {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let ib = vb - ic * 2 - pad;
+            if ib + ic * 2 > bytes.len() || vb + vc * stride > bytes.len() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let idx: Vec<u32> = (0..ic).map(|k| be16(&bytes, ib + k * 2)).collect();
+            let max_idx = *idx.iter().max().unwrap_or(&0) as usize;
+            if max_idx >= vc {
+                continue; // out of range — not a candidate at all
+            }
+            let pos: Vec<[f32; 3]> = (0..vc)
+                .map(|v| {
+                    let at = vb + v * stride;
+                    [
+                        f32::from_be_bytes(bytes[at..at + 4].try_into().unwrap()),
+                        f32::from_be_bytes(bytes[at + 4..at + 8].try_into().unwrap()),
+                        f32::from_be_bytes(bytes[at + 8..at + 12].try_into().unwrap()),
+                    ]
+                })
+                .collect();
+            if pos.iter().any(|p| p.iter().any(|c| !c.is_finite() || c.abs() > 1e6)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mut degen = 0usize;
+            let (mut agree, mut counted) = (0usize, 0usize);
+            for t in idx.chunks_exact(3) {
+                let (x, y, z) = (t[0] as usize, t[1] as usize, t[2] as usize);
+                if x == y || y == z || x == z {
+                    degen += 1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // Winding needs normals; use the geometric centroid normal as a
+                // stand-in so this stays declaration-agnostic: a consistent mesh
+                // has all faces pointing away from the centroid on a convex-ish
+                // hull. Weak, so degeneracy leads the sort.
+                let e1 = [pos[y][0] - pos[x][0], pos[y][1] - pos[x][1], pos[y][2] - pos[x][2]];
+                let e2 = [pos[z][0] - pos[x][0], pos[z][1] - pos[x][1], pos[z][2] - pos[x][2]];
+                let f = [
+                    e1[1] * e2[2] - e1[2] * e2[1],
+                    e1[2] * e2[0] - e1[0] * e2[2],
+                    e1[0] * e2[1] - e1[1] * e2[0],
+                ];
+                let cx: [f32; 3] = {
+                    let mut c = [0.0f32; 3];
+                    for p in &pos {
+                        for k in 0..3 {
+                            c[k] += p[k] / pos.len() as f32;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    c
+                };
+                let out = [pos[x][0] - cx[0], pos[x][1] - cx[1], pos[x][2] - cx[2]];
+                counted += 1;
+                if f[0] * out[0] + f[1] * out[1] + f[2] * out[2] > 0.0 {
+                    agree += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            let w = if counted == 0 { 0.0 } else { agree as f32 / counted as f32 };
+            rows.push((degen, w.max(1.0 - w), vb, pad, max_idx, max_idx + 1 == vc));
+        }
+    }
+    rows.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0).then(b.1.total_cmp(&a.1)));
+    println!("\n{} in-range candidates; best 12 by (degenerate, winding):", rows.len());
+    for (d, w, vb, pad, mx, cov) in rows.iter().take(12) {
+        let mark = if Some(*vb) == ours { "  <-- ours" } else { "" };
+        println!(
+            "  vb 0x{vb:07X} pad {pad}  degen {d:>4}  wind {w:.3}  max_idx {mx}/{}  {}{mark}",
+            vc - 1,
+            if *cov { "covers" } else { "SHORT" }
+        );
+    }
+    let clean = rows.iter().filter(|r| r.0 == 0 && r.5).count();
+    println!("\n{clean} candidates are degenerate-free AND cover the pool exactly");
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/capture_ib_truth.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+//! Where does a drawn block's INDEX buffer really live?
+//!
+//! Our XBG7 anchor scan only ever *assumes* the layout `[index buffer][vertex
+//! buffer]` with a pad of at most 3 bytes between them (`anchor_pool_mesh`:
+//! `ib = vb - idx_count*2 - pad`). Nothing on disc states it, and it is the gate
+//! that rejected the capture-proven `e106_eng_02_l` block
+//! (docs/re/captures/…): the block's index data was not where the decoder
+//! looked. The F10 ship capture was extended on 2026-08-13 to log each draw's
+//! index-buffer base, count and min/max index value, so the assumption is now
+//! directly checkable:
+//!
+//!   * `vbase - ibase` is the real gap in guest memory, and a stage container is
+//!     uploaded contiguously (see `shared_vbase_check`), so the same difference
+//!     holds in the file;
+//!   * `max index vs vcount` says whether a draw covers its whole vertex pool —
+//!     the "buffer not covered" miss class is a *sub-range draw* if it does not.
+//!
+//! Usage:
+//!   cargo run --release --example capture_ib_truth -- <Stage_SNN.xpr> <capture.log>...
+use sylpheed_formats::mesh::{debug_resource_params, xbg7_resource_names, Xbg7Model};
+use sylpheed_formats::ship_capture::{parse_capture, CapturedDraw};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+fn q(v: f32) -> i64 {
+    (v as f64 * 1e4).round() as i64
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let a: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    if a.len() < 3 {
+        eprintln!("usage: capture_ib_truth <container.xpr> <capture.log>...");
+        std::process::exit(2);
+    }
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(&a[1]).expect("container");
+
+    // One entry per (log, vbase): the capture already de-dups per placement, and
+    // a buffer drawn at several transforms has the same index buffer each time.
+    let mut draws: Vec<CapturedDraw> = Vec::new();
+    let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    for log in &a[2..] {
+        let text = std::fs::read_to_string(log).expect("log");
+        for d in parse_capture(&text) {
+            // One entry per (log, vbase, index range): the engine issues SEVERAL
+            // draws over one vertex buffer, each with its own index sub-range, and
+            // it is their UNION that describes the block. (Captures taken before
+            // 2026-08-13 de-dup by (vbase, transform) and so hold only the first
+            // batch — such a log reads as a mysteriously short draw.)
+            let k = d.ib.map(|i| (i.ibase, i.icount)).unwrap_or((0, 0));
+            if d.ib.is_some() && d.pos.len() >= 4 && seen.insert((log.clone(), d.vbase, k)) {
+                draws.push(d);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    eprintln!("{} drawn buffers with an index buffer", draws.len());
+
+    // ── Place the drawn buffers in the file: POSITION is f32×3 big-endian at
+    // vertex offset 0, so the dumped positions are a literal byte pattern.
+    let be = |at: usize| f32::from_be_bytes(bytes[at..at + 4].try_into().unwrap());
+    let mut index: HashMap<(i64, i64, i64), Vec<u32>> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut o = 0usize;
+    while o + 12 <= bytes.len() {
+        let (x, y, z) = (be(o), be(o + 4), be(o + 8));
+        if x.is_finite() && y.is_finite() && z.is_finite() && x.abs() < 1e6 && y.abs() < 1e6 && z.abs() < 1e6 {
+            index.entry((q(x), q(y), q(z))).or_default().push(o as u32);
+        }
+        o += 4;
+    }
+    let mut deltas: HashMap<i64, usize> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut hits: Vec<(i64, usize, &CapturedDraw)> = Vec::new(); // (delta, file offset, draw)
+    for d in &draws {
+        let k = (q(d.pos[0][0]), q(d.pos[0][1]), q(d.pos[0][2]));
+        for dx in -1..=1i64 {
+            for dy in -1..=1i64 {
+                for dz in -1..=1i64 {
+                    let Some(cands) = index.get(&(k.0 + dx, k.1 + dy, k.2 + dz)) else { continue };
+                    for &off in cands {
+                        for stride in (12..=64).step_by(4) {
+                            let ok = (1..4).all(|j| {
+                                let at = off as usize + j * stride;
+                                at + 12 <= bytes.len()
+                                    && (0..3).all(|c| (be(at + c * 4) - d.pos[j][c]).abs() <= 1e-4)
+                            });
+                            if ok {
+                                let delta = d.vbase as i64 - off as i64;
+                                *deltas.entry(delta).or_default() += 1;
+                                hits.push((delta, off as usize, d));
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let Some((&base_delta, &n)) = deltas.iter().max_by_key(|(_, n)| **n) else {
+        eprintln!("no draw could be placed in this container");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    };
+    println!("container load constant: vbase - file_offset = 0x{base_delta:X}  ({n} buffers agree)");
+
+    // ── Our decoder's view of the same container.
+    let models = Xbg7Model::stage_models(&bytes);
+    let mut by_off: HashMap<usize, Vec<(String, usize, usize)>> = HashMap::new();
+    for m in &models {
+        for sm in &m.meshes {
+            if let Some(off) = sm.vbuf_offset {
+                by_off
+                    .entry(off)
+                    .or_default()
+                    .push((m.name.clone(), sm.positions.len(), sm.indices.len()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    println!("decoded {} resources, {} distinct vertex offsets\n", models.len(), by_off.len());
+
+    // Declared-but-not-decoded resources, indexed by their first marker's
+    // (vertex, index) counts. A drawn buffer our decoder cannot name is the one
+    // thing a capture can give the residual misses: ground truth for where the
+    // block actually is. Matching on counts is enough to propose an identity —
+    // then `debug_try_anchor` at that offset says which gate rejects it.
+    let decoded_names: std::collections::HashSet<String> =
+        models.iter().map(|m| m.name.clone()).collect();
+    let mut undecoded_by_counts: HashMap<(usize, usize), Vec<String>> = HashMap::new();
+    for n in xbg7_resource_names(&bytes) {
+        if decoded_names.contains(&n) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if let Some((markers, _)) = debug_resource_params(&bytes, &n) {
+            if let Some(&(v, i)) = markers.first() {
+                undecoded_by_counts.entry((v, i)).or_default().push(n);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── The report: one row per drawn BUFFER, aggregating its index batches.
+    let mut per_buf: HashMap<u32, (usize, Vec<sylpheed_formats::ship_capture::CapturedIndexBuffer>, u32)> =
+        HashMap::new();
+    for (delta, voff, d) in &hits {
+        if *delta != base_delta {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let e = per_buf.entry(d.vbase).or_insert((*voff, Vec::new(), d.vcount));
+        let ib = d.ib.unwrap();
+        if !e.1.contains(&ib) {
+            e.1.push(ib);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let (mut pad0, mut pad_small, mut pad_off, mut unnamed) = (0usize, 0usize, 0usize, 0usize);
+    let (mut cover_exact, mut cover_short, mut idx_equal, mut idx_partial) = (0usize, 0usize, 0usize, 0usize);
+    let mut rows: Vec<(usize, String)> = Vec::new();
+    for (_, (voff, ibs, vcount)) in per_buf.iter() {
+        let batches = ibs.len();
+        let total: u32 = ibs.iter().map(|i| i.icount).sum();
+        let lo = ibs.iter().map(|i| i.ibase).min().unwrap() as i64 - base_delta;
+        let hi = ibs.iter().map(|i| i.ibase + i.icount * 2).max().unwrap() as i64 - base_delta;
+        let umax = ibs.iter().map(|i| i.imax).max().unwrap();
+        let gap = *voff as i64 - hi; // bytes from the end of the index data to the vertex buffer
+        let names = by_off.get(voff);
+        let dec_idx = names
+            .and_then(|v| v.iter().find(|(_, p, _)| *p as u32 == *vcount).map(|(_, _, i)| *i as u32));
+        // The decoder's assumption, scored: it expects the whole index buffer at
+        // `vb - 2*idx_count - pad`, pad ≤ 3.
+        let dec_pad = dec_idx.map(|i| *voff as i64 - (i as i64) * 2 - lo);
+        match dec_pad {
+            Some(0) => pad0 += 1,
+            Some(p) if (1..=3).contains(&p) => pad_small += 1,
+            Some(_) => pad_off += 1,
+            None => unnamed += 1,
+        }
+        if umax + 1 == *vcount {
+            cover_exact += 1;
+        } else {
+            cover_short += 1;
+        }
+        match dec_idx {
+            Some(i) if i == total => idx_equal += 1,
+            Some(_) => idx_partial += 1,
+            None => {}
+        }
+        rows.push((
+            *voff,
+            format!(
+                "vb 0x{:07X} v={:<6} batches {:<3} idx {:<6} span {:<7} gap {:<8} decpad {:<7} cover {:<10} {}",
+                voff,
+                vcount,
+                batches,
+                total,
+                hi - lo,
+                gap,
+                dec_pad.map(|p| p.to_string()).unwrap_or_else(|| "?".into()),
+                if umax + 1 == *vcount { "exact".to_string() } else { format!("{}/{}", umax, vcount - 1) },
+                names
+                    .map(|v| v
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(n, p, i)| format!("{n}(v{p},i{i})"))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(" "))
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        // Nothing of ours sits here — is it a resource that never
+                        // decodes? Propose it by (vertex, index) counts.
+                        undecoded_by_counts
+                            .get(&(*vcount as usize, total as usize))
+                            .map(|v| format!("MISSED? {}", v.join(" ")))
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|| "-".into())
+                    })
+            ),
+        ));
+    }
+    rows.sort();
+    for (_, r) in &rows {
+        println!("{r}");
+    }
+    println!("\nplaced {} drawn buffers in this container", rows.len());
+    println!(
+        "DECODER layout assumption — whole index buffer at vb - 2*idx_count - pad:  pad 0 {pad0} · pad 1..3 {pad_small} · elsewhere {pad_off} · not decoded here {unnamed}"
+    );
+    println!(
+        "index extent: our idx_count == sum of captured batches for {idx_equal} buffers, differs for {idx_partial}"
+    );
+    println!("vertex-pool coverage by the union of batches: exact {cover_exact} · short {cover_short}");
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/capture_index_bytes.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+//! Do our decoded triangle indices equal the ones the GPU actually read?
+//!
+//! `capture_ib_truth` established *where* a block's index buffer lives and that
+//! its length matches ours. This asks the stronger question: are the index VALUES
+//! the same, in the same order? The capture prints the first 24 indices of every
+//! draw batch verbatim (`idx: …`), and a batch's `ibase` locates it inside the
+//! block's index buffer — so for each drawn buffer we can line the captured run
+//! up against `GameMesh::indices` at the right offset and compare element by
+//! element. That tests the whole index path at once: the anchor, the u16
+//! big-endian read, the triangle-list interpretation (a strip would disagree
+//! immediately), and the sub-mesh carve.
+//!
+//! Usage:
+//!   cargo run --release --example capture_index_bytes -- <Stage_SNN.xpr> <capture.log>...
+use sylpheed_formats::mesh::Xbg7Model;
+use sylpheed_formats::ship_capture::{parse_capture, CapturedDraw};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+fn q(v: f32) -> i64 {
+    (v as f64 * 1e4).round() as i64
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let a: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    if a.len() < 3 {
+        eprintln!("usage: capture_index_bytes <container.xpr> <capture.log>...");
+        std::process::exit(2);
+    }
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(&a[1]).expect("container");
+
+    let mut draws: Vec<CapturedDraw> = Vec::new();
+    let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    for log in &a[2..] {
+        let text = std::fs::read_to_string(log).expect("log");
+        for d in parse_capture(&text) {
+            let k = d.ib.map(|i| (i.ibase, i.icount)).unwrap_or((0, 0));
+            if d.ib.map_or(false, |i| i.head_len > 0) && d.pos.len() >= 4 && seen.insert((log.clone(), d.vbase, k)) {
+                draws.push(d);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    eprintln!("{} draw batches with an index head", draws.len());
+
+    // Place each drawn buffer in the file by its dumped positions (see
+    // capture_ib_truth for the method) and keep the modal load constant.
+    let be = |at: usize| f32::from_be_bytes(bytes[at..at + 4].try_into().unwrap());
+    let mut index: HashMap<(i64, i64, i64), Vec<u32>> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut o = 0usize;
+    while o + 12 <= bytes.len() {
+        let (x, y, z) = (be(o), be(o + 4), be(o + 8));
+        if x.is_finite() && y.is_finite() && z.is_finite() && x.abs() < 1e6 && y.abs() < 1e6 && z.abs() < 1e6 {
+            index.entry((q(x), q(y), q(z))).or_default().push(o as u32);
+        }
+        o += 4;
+    }
+    let mut deltas: HashMap<i64, usize> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut hits: Vec<(i64, usize, &CapturedDraw)> = Vec::new();
+    for d in &draws {
+        let k = (q(d.pos[0][0]), q(d.pos[0][1]), q(d.pos[0][2]));
+        for dx in -1..=1i64 {
+            for dy in -1..=1i64 {
+                for dz in -1..=1i64 {
+                    let Some(cands) = index.get(&(k.0 + dx, k.1 + dy, k.2 + dz)) else { continue };
+                    for &off in cands {
+                        for stride in (12..=64).step_by(4) {
+                            let ok = (1..4).all(|j| {
+                                let at = off as usize + j * stride;
+                                at + 12 <= bytes.len()
+                                    && (0..3).all(|c| (be(at + c * 4) - d.pos[j][c]).abs() <= 1e-4)
+                            });
+                            if ok {
+                                *deltas.entry(d.vbase as i64 - off as i64).or_default() += 1;
+                                hits.push((d.vbase as i64 - off as i64, off as usize, d));
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let Some((&base_delta, _)) = deltas.iter().max_by_key(|(_, n)| **n) else {
+        eprintln!("no draw could be placed in this container");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    };
+    println!("load constant 0x{base_delta:X}");
+
+    // Our decode, indexed by vertex offset. A model may hold several sub-meshes;
+    // compare against the one whose vertex count matches the draw.
+    let models = Xbg7Model::stage_models(&bytes);
+    let mut by_off: HashMap<usize, Vec<(String, usize, Vec<u32>)>> = HashMap::new();
+    for m in &models {
+        for sm in &m.meshes {
+            if let Some(off) = sm.vbuf_offset {
+                by_off
+                    .entry(off)
+                    .or_default()
+                    .push((m.name.clone(), sm.positions.len(), sm.indices.clone()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Where does each buffer's index data START? Take it from the capture, not
+    // from an assumed pad: `capture_ib_truth` established that a buffer's batches
+    // tile its index buffer exactly (sum of counts == our idx_count, span ==
+    // 2*count), so the lowest `ibase` over a buffer's batches IS the block's
+    // index start. Assuming `vb - 2*len` instead is wrong for the buffers that
+    // sit at pad 2 and shifts the whole comparison by one element.
+    let mut ib_start: HashMap<u32, i64> = HashMap::new();
+    for (delta, _, d) in &hits {
+        if *delta != base_delta {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let ibase = d.ib.unwrap().ibase as i64;
+        ib_start.entry(d.vbase).and_modify(|e| *e = (*e).min(ibase)).or_insert(ibase);
+    }
+
+    let (mut agree, mut disagree, mut unmatched, mut nooverlap) = (0usize, 0usize, 0usize, 0usize);
+    let mut bad: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    let mut checked_elems = 0usize;
+    let mut done: std::collections::HashSet<(u32, u32)> = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    for (delta, voff, d) in &hits {
+        if *delta != base_delta {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let ib = d.ib.unwrap();
+        if !done.insert((d.vbase, ib.ibase)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some(cands) = by_off.get(voff) else {
+            unmatched += 1;
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some((name, _, ours)) = cands.iter().find(|(_, p, _)| *p as u32 == d.vcount) else {
+            unmatched += 1;
+            continue;
+        };
+        // Element 0 of our index list is the block's index start, as observed.
+        let ours_start = ib_start[&d.vbase] - base_delta;
+        let batch_off = ib.ibase as i64 - base_delta - ours_start;
+        if batch_off < 0 || batch_off % 2 != 0 {
+            nooverlap += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        let first = (batch_off / 2) as usize;
+        let n = (ib.head_len as usize).min(ours.len().saturating_sub(first));
+        if n == 0 {
+            nooverlap += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mism = (0..n).find(|&k| ours[first + k] != ib.head[k]);
+        checked_elems += n;
+        match mism {
+            None => agree += 1,
+            Some(k) => {
+                disagree += 1;
+                if bad.len() < 8 {
+                    bad.push(format!(
+                        "{name} vb 0x{:07X} batch@{first}: ours {:?} != captured {:?} (first differs at {k})",
+                        voff,
+                        &ours[first..first + n.min(12)],
+                        &ib.head[..n.min(12)]
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    println!(
+        "index runs compared: {agree} identical · {disagree} differing · {unmatched} no decoded resource · {nooverlap} batch outside our buffer"
+    );
+    println!("{checked_elems} index elements checked against the GPU");
+    for b in &bad {
+        println!("  MISMATCH {b}");
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/challenge_map.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//! RE probe: what does the disc say about CHALLENGE / EXTRA missions?
+//!
+//! The title's stage-config reader (`0x82184b98`..`0x82184e94`) selects one of three
+//! config sections by a mode field at `obj+144`:
+//!   mode == 3        -> "EXTRA"
+//!   mode == 5 or 6   -> "CHALLENGE"
+//!   otherwise        -> "FILE"
+//! so challenge missions are a *mode*, not a separate stage numbering. This probe
+//! asks the disc which stage records exist and what GP_CHALLENGE.pak carries.
+//!
+//! Run: cargo run --release -p sylpheed-formats --example challenge_map -- <disc-root>
+
+use sylpheed_formats::{idxd::IdxdObject, pak::PakArchive};
+
+fn main() {
+    let disc = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        std::env::var("SYLPHEED_DISC").expect("pass disc root or set SYLPHEED_DISC")
+    });
+
+    println!("=== 1. StageResource records in GP_MAIN_GAME_E.pak ===");
+    let arc = PakArchive::open(format!("{disc}/dat/GP_MAIN_GAME_E.pak")).unwrap();
+    let mut rows = vec![];
+    for e in arc.entries() {
+        let Ok(b) = arc.read(e) else { continue };
+        let Ok(o) = IdxdObject::parse(&b) else { continue };
+        if o.schema_hash != 0x3c9ae32e {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let t = o.tokens();
+        let stage = t
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|s| s.strip_prefix("EnumUnit_").map(|x| x.trim_end_matches(".tbl").to_string()))
+            .unwrap_or("?".into());
+        let bg = o.get_raw("BackGroundID").unwrap_or("?").to_string();
+        rows.push((stage, bg, t.len()));
+    }
+    rows.sort();
+    println!("  {} stage records", rows.len());
+    for (s, bg, n) in &rows {
+        println!("    {s:8} bg={bg:16} tokens={n}");
+    }
+
+    println!("\n=== 2. GP_CHALLENGE.pak contents ===");
+    match PakArchive::open(format!("{disc}/dat/GP_CHALLENGE.pak")) {
+        Ok(ch) => {
+            let mut by_schema: std::collections::BTreeMap<u32, usize> = Default::default();
+            let mut all_tokens: Vec<(u32, Vec<String>)> = vec![];
+            for e in ch.entries() {
+                let Ok(b) = ch.read(e) else { continue };
+                let Ok(o) = IdxdObject::parse(&b) else { continue };
+                *by_schema.entry(o.schema_hash).or_default() += 1;
+                all_tokens.push((o.schema_hash, o.tokens().iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()));
+            }
+            println!("  {} entries, {} IDXD objects", ch.entries().len(), all_tokens.len());
+            for (h, n) in &by_schema {
+                println!("    schema {h:08x}  x{n}");
+            }
+            for (h, t) in all_tokens.iter().take(12) {
+                println!("    -- {h:08x}: {:?}", &t[..t.len().min(60)]);
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => println!("  open failed: {e}"),
+    }
+
+    println!("\n=== 3. tokens mentioning Challenge / EX across the main pak ===");
+    let mut hits: std::collections::BTreeSet<String> = Default::default();
+    for e in arc.entries() {
+        let Ok(b) = arc.read(e) else { continue };
+        let Ok(o) = IdxdObject::parse(&b) else { continue };
+        for t in o.tokens() {
+            let l = t.to_ascii_lowercase();
+            if l.contains("challenge") || t.ends_with("_EX") || t.contains("_EX4") || t.contains("_EX5") {
+                hits.insert(format!("{:08x} {t}", o.schema_hash));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for h in hits.iter().take(120) {
+        println!("    {h}");
+    }
+    println!("  ({} distinct)", hits.len());
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/challenge_screen.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//! RE probe: the GamePart_ChallengeMission screen config.
+//!
+//! The class's code range (`0x82187E60`..`0x8218CF10`, bounded by the factory
+//! creator thunks either side) references these config keys:
+//!   MISSIONS, MISSION_ID, NEW_STAGE, REQUIREMENT, REQUIREMENT_DESC, "Always",
+//!   GRAY_BUTTON, NORMAL_BUTTON, THUMBNAIL, STAGE_DESC, TEXT_STAGE,
+//!   RECORD_TYPE, "Time", TEXT_RECORD, BASE_INFO
+//! i.e. the challenge list is a *config record* with a per-mission REQUIREMENT.
+//! It lives in `tables.pak` (one copy per language), not in GP_CHALLENGE.pak.
+//!
+//! Run: cargo run --release -p sylpheed-formats --example challenge_screen -- <disc-root>
+
+use sylpheed_formats::{idxd::IdxdObject, pak::PakArchive};
+
+const KEYS: &[&str] = &[
+    "MISSIONS",
+    "MISSION_ID",
+    "REQUIREMENT",
+    "REQUIREMENT_DESC",
+    "NEW_STAGE",
+    "GRAY_BUTTON",
+    "NORMAL_BUTTON",
+    "RECORD_TYPE",
+    "THUMBNAIL",
+    "STAGE_DESC",
+];
+
+fn find(h: &[u8], n: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    h.windows(n.len()).any(|w| w == n)
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let disc = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        std::env::var("SYLPHEED_DISC").expect("pass disc root or set SYLPHEED_DISC")
+    });
+
+    let dat = format!("{disc}/dat");
+    let mut paks: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(&dat)
+        .expect("dat dir")
+        .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
+        .map(|e| e.path())
+        .filter(|p| p.extension().is_some_and(|x| x == "pak"))
+        .collect();
+    paks.sort();
+
+    for p in &paks {
+        let Ok(arc) = PakArchive::open(p) else { continue };
+        for (i, e) in arc.entries().iter().enumerate() {
+            let Ok(b) = arc.read(e) else { continue };
+            if KEYS.iter().filter(|k| find(&b, k.as_bytes())).count() < KEYS.len() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let name = p.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+            match IdxdObject::parse(&b) {
+                Ok(o) => {
+                    let toks = o.tokens();
+                    // language tag: the PATH value, e.g. "dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+eng\"
+                    let lang = toks
+                        .iter()
+                        .find(|t| t.contains("GP_CHALLENGE.pak+"))
+                        .map(|t| t.to_string())
+                        .unwrap_or_default();
+                    println!(
+                        "\n===== {name} entry #{i}  schema {:08x}  {} tokens  [{lang}] =====",
+                        o.schema_hash,
+                        toks.len()
+                    );
+                    // Print the pool in order; the record is key/value interleaved and
+                    // IDXD dedupes repeats, so pairing is read by eye, not asserted.
+                    for (j, t) in toks.iter().enumerate() {
+                        println!("  {j:3}  {t}");
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(e) => println!("\n===== {name} entry #{i}: IDXD parse failed: {e} ====="),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/desc_dump.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//! Dump an XBG7 resource's descriptor around each index marker, to see whether a
+//! grouped pool carries a declaration PER sub-mesh (the 2026-08-13 mixed-stride
+//! finding says it must: n201's four sub-meshes use strides 24/24/24/28 and four
+//! different vertex shaders).
+//! Usage: desc_dump <container.xpr> <resource>
+
+fn be32(b: &[u8], o: usize) -> u32 {
+    u32::from_be_bytes(b[o..o + 4].try_into().unwrap())
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let a: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(&a[1]).unwrap();
+    let want = &a[2];
+    // Walk the XPR2 directory by hand (the crate's reader is private).
+    // 16-byte directory entries at 0x10: type tag, data offset, descriptor size,
+    // name offset — all relative to 0x10 (see texture::Xpr2ResourceEntry).
+    let num = be32(&bytes, 12) as usize;
+    for i in 0..num {
+        let e = &bytes[0x10 + i * 16..0x10 + i * 16 + 16];
+        let tag = &e[0..4];
+        let data_off = be32(e, 4) as usize + 0x10;
+        let desc_size = be32(e, 8) as usize;
+        let name_off = be32(e, 12) as usize + 0x10;
+        if tag != b"XBG7" {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let name = {
+            let s = name_off.min(bytes.len());
+            let end = bytes[s..].iter().position(|&c| c == 0).unwrap_or(0) + s;
+            String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes[s..end]).to_string()
+        };
+        if name != *want {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let desc = &bytes[data_off..(data_off + desc_size).min(bytes.len())];
+        println!("{name}: descriptor at 0x{data_off:X}, {} bytes", desc.len());
+        // markers: a == c*2, c%3==0, vertex count 32 bytes earlier
+        let mut rel = 0usize;
+        while rel + 8 <= desc.len() {
+            let (x, c) = (be32(desc, rel), be32(desc, rel + 4));
+            if c >= 3 && c % 3 == 0 && c < 400_000 && x == c * 2 && rel >= 32 {
+                let vc = be32(desc, rel - 32);
+                if (3..=200_000).contains(&vc) {
+                    println!("\n  marker @0x{rel:X}: {vc} verts / {c} indices — declaration triples after it:");
+                    let mut r = rel + 8;
+                    let mut stride = 0u32;
+                    for _ in 0..12 {
+                        if r + 12 > desc.len() {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        let (o, code, usage) = (be32(desc, r), be32(desc, r + 4), be32(desc, r + 8) >> 16);
+                        if o == 0x00FF_0000 || code == 0xFFFF_FFFF || o > 0x1000 {
+                            println!("    end marker @0x{r:X}: off=0x{o:X} code=0x{code:X}");
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        println!("    off {o:>3}  code 0x{:06X}  usage {usage}", code & 0xFF_FFFF);
+                        stride = stride.max(o + 4);
+                        r += 12;
+                    }
+                    println!("    (min stride from element offsets: {stride})");
+                    rel += 8;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            rel += 4;
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    eprintln!("resource not found");
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/grouped_report.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+fn main(){let a:Vec<String>=std::env::args().collect();let b=std::fs::read(&a[1]).unwrap();
+for l in sylpheed_formats::mesh::debug_grouped_report(&b,&a[2],a[3].parse().unwrap()){println!("{l}")}}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/index_hash_dump.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//! Dump a fingerprint of every decoded index run, so two decoder settings can be
+//! diffed exactly. Usage: index_hash_dump <resource3d_dir>
+use sylpheed_formats::mesh::Xbg7Model;
+
+fn main() {
+    let dir = std::env::args().nth(1).expect("resource3d dir");
+    let mut files: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir)
+        .unwrap()
+        .flatten()
+        .map(|e| e.path())
+        .filter(|p| p.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("xpr"))
+        .collect();
+    files.sort();
+    for f in &files {
+        let Ok(bytes) = std::fs::read(f) else { continue };
+        let w = f.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        for m in Xbg7Model::stage_models(&bytes) {
+            for (k, sm) in m.meshes.iter().enumerate() {
+                let mut h = 1469598103934665603u64;
+                for i in &sm.indices {
+                    h = (h ^ *i as u64).wrapping_mul(1099511628211);
+                }
+                println!(
+                    "{w} {} {k} vb={:?} n={} h={h:016x}",
+                    m.name,
+                    sm.vbuf_offset,
+                    sm.indices.len()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/index_pad_check.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+//! Is our index list one element late? A capture-free check of the `pad` choice.
+//!
+//! `anchor_pool_mesh` tries `ib = vb − idx_count*2 − pad` for `pad` in `0..=3`,
+//! **pad 0 first and with the looser winding gate** (`XBG7_PAD0_CONSISTENCY`,
+//! 0.70) than the pad ≥ 1 path (0.85). The 2026-08-13 index-byte comparison
+//! against the runtime showed 17 draw batches whose captured indices equal our
+//! decoded list shifted by exactly one element — all of them on buffers whose
+//! real index data sits at pad 2. A one-element shift re-wires every triangle,
+//! and it is invisible to every count-based metric (the count, the coverage and
+//! the positions are all still right).
+//!
+//! This reproduces that finding from the container alone: for each resource it
+//! reads the index run at pad 0 and at pad 2 and scores both on two properties a
+//! correct triangle list has — **no degenerate triangles** (two equal indices)
+//! and consistent winding against the stored normals.
+//!
+//! Usage: index_pad_check <container.xpr> [name-substring]
+use sylpheed_formats::mesh::Xbg7Model;
+
+fn be16(b: &[u8], at: usize) -> u32 {
+    ((b[at] as u32) << 8) | b[at + 1] as u32
+}
+
+/// Degenerate triangles (a repeated index) and the fraction of triangles whose
+/// face normal agrees with their vertices' stored normals.
+fn score(idx: &[u32], pos: &[[f32; 3]], nrm: &[[f32; 3]]) -> (usize, f32, usize) {
+    let mut degen = 0usize;
+    let mut agree = 0usize;
+    let mut counted = 0usize;
+    for t in idx.chunks_exact(3) {
+        let (a, b, c) = (t[0] as usize, t[1] as usize, t[2] as usize);
+        if a == b || b == c || a == c {
+            degen += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if a >= pos.len() || b >= pos.len() || c >= pos.len() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let e1 = [pos[b][0] - pos[a][0], pos[b][1] - pos[a][1], pos[b][2] - pos[a][2]];
+        let e2 = [pos[c][0] - pos[a][0], pos[c][1] - pos[a][1], pos[c][2] - pos[a][2]];
+        let f = [
+            e1[1] * e2[2] - e1[2] * e2[1],
+            e1[2] * e2[0] - e1[0] * e2[2],
+            e1[0] * e2[1] - e1[1] * e2[0],
+        ];
+        if nrm.len() <= a {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let n = nrm[a];
+        let dot = f[0] * n[0] + f[1] * n[1] + f[2] * n[2];
+        counted += 1;
+        if dot > 0.0 {
+            agree += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    let frac = if counted == 0 { 0.0 } else { agree as f32 / counted as f32 };
+    (degen, frac.max(1.0 - frac), counted)
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let a: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(&a[1]).expect("container");
+    let filter = a.get(2).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+
+    let models = Xbg7Model::stage_models(&bytes);
+    println!(
+        "{:<22} {:>6} {:>6}  {:<26} {:<26} verdict",
+        "resource", "verts", "idx", "pad 0 (what we decode)", "pad 2 (2 bytes earlier)"
+    );
+    let (mut better_p2, mut better_p0, mut tie) = (0usize, 0usize, 0usize);
+    let mut hist_ok: Vec<(usize, String, usize)> = Vec::new();
+    for m in &models {
+        if !filter.is_empty() && !m.name.contains(&filter) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if m.meshes.len() != 1 {
+            continue; // single-block path only; grouped pools use another formula
+        }
+        let sm = &m.meshes[0];
+        let Some(vb) = sm.vbuf_offset else { continue };
+        let n = sm.indices.len();
+        if n < 6 || sm.normals.is_empty() || vb < n * 2 + 2 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let read_at = |start: usize| -> Vec<u32> { (0..n).map(|k| be16(&bytes, start + k * 2)).collect() };
+        let l0 = read_at(vb - n * 2);
+        let l2 = read_at(vb - n * 2 - 2);
+        // Sanity: l0 must be what the decoder emitted, or the assumption that we
+        // took pad 0 is wrong for this resource and the comparison is meaningless.
+        let took_pad0 = l0 == sm.indices;
+        if !took_pad0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let (d0, c0, _) = score(&l0, &sm.positions, &sm.normals);
+        let (d2, c2, _) = score(&l2, &sm.positions, &sm.normals);
+        let max_i0 = l0.iter().max().copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        let max_i2 = l2.iter().max().copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        let v = sm.positions.len() as u32;
+        // A shifted list typically also overruns the pool by one vertex or leaves
+        // the last vertex unreferenced, so carry the coverage as evidence too.
+        let verdict = if d2 < d0 && c2 >= c0 {
+            better_p2 += 1;
+            "pad 2 is the real one"
+        } else if d0 < d2 || c0 > c2 {
+            better_p0 += 1;
+            "pad 0 fine"
+        } else {
+            tie += 1;
+            "indistinguishable"
+        };
+        if verdict == "pad 0 fine" {
+            hist_ok.push((d0, m.name.clone(), n));
+        }
+        if verdict != "pad 0 fine" || !filter.is_empty() {
+            println!(
+                "{:<22} {:>6} {:>6}  degen {:>5} wind {:.3} max {:<5}  degen {:>5} wind {:.3} max {:<5}  {}",
+                m.name, v, n, d0, c0, max_i0, d2, c2, max_i2, verdict
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    println!("\npad 2 wins: {better_p2} · pad 0 wins: {better_p0} · indistinguishable: {tie}");
+    // Is "no degenerate triangle" a safe invariant for a correctly anchored
+    // block? Distribution over the resources where pad 0 is the better choice.
+    let zero = hist_ok.iter().filter(|(d, _, _)| *d == 0).count();
+    println!(
+        "of the {} pad-0-correct resources, {zero} have ZERO degenerate triangles",
+        hist_ok.len()
+    );
+    let mut worst: Vec<_> = hist_ok.iter().filter(|(d, _, _)| *d > 0).collect();
+    worst.sort_by_key(|(d, _, _)| std::cmp::Reverse(*d));
+    for (d, n, idx) in worst.iter().take(10) {
+        println!("  {n}: {d} degenerate of {} triangles", idx / 3);
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/miss_targets.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//! Which container should the next runtime capture aim at?
+//!
+//! The 2026-08-13 stage-05 capture showed that a mission keeps several containers
+//! resident and that its OWN `Stage_SNN.xpr` is among them (the f101 ACROPOLIS was
+//! drawn from `Stage_S05.xpr`), so a capture can be aimed by choosing the mission.
+//! This ranks the targets: for every XBG7 resource on the disc it records the
+//! containers where it decodes and the ones where it does not, then reports
+//!
+//!   * resources that decode **nowhere** — the real gaps, where a capture is the
+//!     only ground truth left;
+//!   * per container, how many of those it holds (fly that mission);
+//!   * resources that miss in one container but decode in another — a defect worth
+//!     fixing, but the geometry is already recoverable, so a capture is not needed.
+//!
+//! Usage: miss_targets <resource3d_dir>
+use sylpheed_formats::mesh::{xbg7_resource_names, Xbg7Model};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+fn main() {
+    let dir = std::env::args().nth(1).expect("resource3d dir");
+    let mut files: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir)
+        .unwrap()
+        .flatten()
+        .map(|e| e.path())
+        .filter(|p| p.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("xpr"))
+        .collect();
+    files.sort();
+
+    // resource -> (containers where it decodes, containers where it misses)
+    let mut ok: BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    let mut miss: BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for f in &files {
+        let Ok(bytes) = std::fs::read(f) else { continue };
+        let where_ = f.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let declared: BTreeSet<String> = xbg7_resource_names(&bytes).into_iter().collect();
+        if declared.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let decoded: BTreeSet<String> =
+            Xbg7Model::stage_models(&bytes).into_iter().map(|m| m.name).collect();
+        for n in &declared {
+            if decoded.contains(n) {
+                ok.entry(n.clone()).or_default().insert(where_.clone());
+            } else {
+                miss.entry(n.clone()).or_default().insert(where_.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let never: BTreeMap<&String, &BTreeSet<String>> =
+        miss.iter().filter(|(n, _)| !ok.contains_key(*n)).collect();
+    let recoverable: Vec<&String> = miss.keys().filter(|n| ok.contains_key(*n)).collect();
+
+    println!("resources that decode NOWHERE: {}", never.len());
+    println!("resources that miss somewhere but decode elsewhere: {}\n", recoverable.len());
+
+    // Rank containers by how many never-decoding resources they hold.
+    let mut per_container: BTreeMap<&String, Vec<&String>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for (n, wheres) in &never {
+        for w in wheres.iter() {
+            per_container.entry(w).or_default().push(n);
+        }
+    }
+    let mut ranked: Vec<_> = per_container.iter().collect();
+    ranked.sort_by_key(|(_, v)| std::cmp::Reverse(v.len()));
+    println!("container                   never-decoding resources it holds");
+    for (w, v) in ranked.iter().take(14) {
+        let sample: Vec<&str> = v.iter().take(6).map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+        println!("{:<26} {:>3}   {}", w, v.len(), sample.join(", "));
+    }
+
+    // Exclusives: a never-decoding resource that only ONE container holds is only
+    // reachable through whatever loads that container.
+    let excl: Vec<(&&String, &&BTreeSet<String>)> =
+        never.iter().filter(|(_, w)| w.len() == 1).collect();
+    println!("\nof the never-decoding, {} live in exactly one container", excl.len());
+    let mut by_one: BTreeMap<&String, Vec<&String>> = BTreeMap::new();
+    for (n, w) in &excl {
+        by_one.entry(w.iter().next().unwrap()).or_default().push(n);
+    }
+    let mut b: Vec<_> = by_one.iter().collect();
+    b.sort_by_key(|(_, v)| std::cmp::Reverse(v.len()));
+    for (w, v) in b.iter().take(10) {
+        println!("  {:<24} {:>3}   {}", w, v.len(), v.iter().take(5).map(|s| s.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "));
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/pad_shift_audit.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+//! How much geometry on the disc was being read one index element late?
+//!
+//! The pad-scoring fix (2026-08-13) makes `anchor_pool_mesh` choose the pad whose
+//! index run is cleanest instead of the first that validates. This measures the
+//! blast radius: per container, how many single-block resources now decode from a
+//! run that is NOT the old first-match (`pad 0`) one, and how many decoded runs
+//! still contain degenerate triangles (the shift signature) afterwards.
+//!
+//! Usage: pad_shift_audit <resource3d_dir>
+use sylpheed_formats::mesh::Xbg7Model;
+
+fn be16(b: &[u8], at: usize) -> u32 {
+    ((b[at] as u32) << 8) | b[at + 1] as u32
+}
+
+/// Fraction of triangles whose face normal agrees with the stored normals,
+/// folded to `max(na, 1-na)` so both authored windings read as ≈1.
+fn winding(idx: &[u32], pos: &[[f32; 3]], nrm: &[[f32; 3]]) -> f32 {
+    let (mut agree, mut n) = (0usize, 0usize);
+    for t in idx.chunks_exact(3) {
+        let (a, b, c) = (t[0] as usize, t[1] as usize, t[2] as usize);
+        if a == b || b == c || a == c || a.max(b).max(c) >= pos.len() || a >= nrm.len() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let e1 = [pos[b][0] - pos[a][0], pos[b][1] - pos[a][1], pos[b][2] - pos[a][2]];
+        let e2 = [pos[c][0] - pos[a][0], pos[c][1] - pos[a][1], pos[c][2] - pos[a][2]];
+        let f = [
+            e1[1] * e2[2] - e1[2] * e2[1],
+            e1[2] * e2[0] - e1[0] * e2[2],
+            e1[0] * e2[1] - e1[1] * e2[0],
+        ];
+        let nv = nrm[a];
+        n += 1;
+        if f[0] * nv[0] + f[1] * nv[1] + f[2] * nv[2] > 0.0 {
+            agree += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    if n == 0 {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+    let fr = agree as f32 / n as f32;
+    fr.max(1.0 - fr)
+}
+
+fn degenerate(idx: &[u32]) -> usize {
+    idx.chunks_exact(3)
+        .filter(|t| t[0] == t[1] || t[1] == t[2] || t[0] == t[2])
+        .count()
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let dir = std::env::args().nth(1).expect("resource3d dir");
+    let mut files: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir)
+        .unwrap()
+        .flatten()
+        .map(|e| e.path())
+        .filter(|p| p.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("xpr"))
+        .collect();
+    files.sort();
+
+    let (mut total, mut moved, mut still_degen) = (0usize, 0usize, 0usize);
+    let mut weak = 0usize;
+    let mut weak_wind: Vec<(f32, f32, String)> = Vec::new();
+    let mut worst: Vec<(usize, String, String)> = Vec::new();
+    for f in &files {
+        let Ok(bytes) = std::fs::read(f) else { continue };
+        let where_ = f.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let mut c_moved = 0usize;
+        for m in Xbg7Model::stage_models(&bytes) {
+            // Degeneracy is counted over EVERY sub-mesh (grouped pools included —
+            // they have their own pad choice); the pad-0 comparison below only
+            // applies to single-block resources, whose run starts at `vb - 2n`.
+            for sm in &m.meshes {
+                let d = degenerate(&sm.indices);
+                if d > 0 {
+                    still_degen += 1;
+                    worst.push((d, m.name.clone(), where_.clone()));
+                }
+            }
+            if m.meshes.len() != 1 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let sm = &m.meshes[0];
+            let Some(vb) = sm.vbuf_offset else { continue };
+            let n = sm.indices.len();
+            if n < 6 || vb < n * 2 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            total += 1;
+            let pad0: Vec<u32> = (0..n).map(|k| be16(&bytes, vb - n * 2 + k * 2)).collect();
+            if pad0 != sm.indices {
+                moved += 1;
+                c_moved += 1;
+                // How strong was the evidence for moving? A pad-0 run with
+                // degenerate triangles is a decisive shift signature; one with
+                // none moved on winding alone, which is weaker.
+                if degenerate(&pad0) == 0 {
+                    weak += 1;
+                    // Record how far apart the two runs' winding is, to see
+                    // whether these look like the same shift signature as the
+                    // decisive cases (pad-0 winding drifting toward 0.5) or like
+                    // noise between two equally clean readings.
+                    let w0 = winding(&pad0, &sm.positions, &sm.normals);
+                    let w2: f32 = {
+                        let l2: Vec<u32> = (0..n).map(|k| be16(&bytes, vb - n * 2 - 2 + k * 2)).collect();
+                        winding(&l2, &sm.positions, &sm.normals)
+                    };
+                    weak_wind.push((w0, w2, m.name.clone()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if c_moved > 0 {
+            println!("{where_:<24} {c_moved} resources read from a non-pad-0 index run");
+        }
+    }
+    println!("\n{moved} of {total} single-block resources moved off the pad-0 run");
+    println!("{still_degen} decoded runs still contain a degenerate triangle");
+    println!("of the moved, {weak} had a pad-0 run with no degenerate triangle (moved on winding alone)");
+    let clear = weak_wind.iter().filter(|(w0, w2, _)| *w2 - *w0 > 0.15).count();
+    let close = weak_wind.iter().filter(|(w0, w2, _)| (*w2 - *w0).abs() <= 0.05).count();
+    println!("  of those: {clear} show the shift signature (pad-2 winding > pad-0 by >0.15), {close} are within 0.05 (noise)");
+    for (w0, w2, n) in weak_wind.iter().take(8) {
+        println!("    {n}: pad0 wind {w0:.3} -> pad2 {w2:.3}");
+    }
+    worst.sort_by_key(|(d, _, _)| std::cmp::Reverse(*d));
+    for (d, n, w) in worst.iter().take(15) {
+        println!("  {n} ({w}): {d} degenerate triangles");
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/params.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+fn main(){
+    let a:Vec<String>=std::env::args().collect();
+    let bytes=std::fs::read(&a[1]).unwrap();
+    let filter=a.get(2).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+    for n in sylpheed_formats::mesh::xbg7_resource_names(&bytes) {
+        if !filter.is_empty() && !n.contains(&filter) { continue }
+        if let Some((m,stride))=sylpheed_formats::mesh::debug_resource_params(&bytes,&n) {
+            let strides = sylpheed_formats::mesh::debug_decl_strides(&bytes, &n);
+            println!("{n:<28} decl-stride {stride} markers {:?} per-sub-mesh strides {:?}",
+                     &m[..m.len().min(4)], strides);
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/probe_anchor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+fn main() {
+    let a: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(&a[1]).unwrap();
+    let vb: usize = a[3].parse().unwrap();
+    println!("{:?}", sylpheed_formats::mesh::debug_try_anchor(&bytes, &a[2], vb, 3));
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/roster_target.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//! Which mission should the next unit harvest fly?
+//!
+//! Unit definitions are instantiated per stage, so coverage grows by visiting
+//! missions — but only if the mission fields units we have not read yet. This
+//! ranks every stage by how many of its roster units are missing from the
+//! harvested CSV.
+//!
+//! Usage: roster_target <disc-root> <unit-runtime-fields.csv>
+use sylpheed_formats::hash::name_hash;
+use sylpheed_formats::idxd::IdxdObject;
+use sylpheed_formats::pak::PakArchive;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+fn main() {
+    let a: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let pak = PakArchive::open(format!("{}/dat/GP_MAIN_GAME_E.pak", a[1])).expect("pak");
+    let have: BTreeSet<String> = std::fs::read_to_string(&a[2])
+        .expect("csv")
+        .lines()
+        .skip(1)
+        .filter_map(|l| l.split(',').next().map(str::to_string))
+        .collect();
+    // Label each roster by STAGE: the TOC stores a hash of the original path, and
+    // the table names are known (`EnumUnit_SNN.tbl`), so hashing the candidates
+    // maps entries back to stages. Most rosters carry no `UN_S<NN>_` prop id, which
+    // is all `UnitRoster::stage` can infer from.
+    let mut by_hash: BTreeMap<u32, String> = BTreeMap::new();
+    // The TOC hashes a PATH, and these tables live under a directory — try the
+    // known schemes (see hash::TOC_NAME_SCHEMES) rather than the bare name.
+    for i in 1..=29 {
+        let stage = format!("S{i:02}");
+        for pre in ["", "unit\\", "battle\\", "stage\\", "enemy\\"] {
+            for suf in [".tbl", ""] {
+                by_hash.insert(name_hash(&format!("{pre}EnumUnit_{stage}{suf}")), stage.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let mut rows: Vec<(usize, String, Vec<String>)> = Vec::new();
+    for e in pak.entries() {
+        let Some(stage) = by_hash.get(&e.name_hash).cloned() else { continue };
+        let Ok(b) = pak.read(e) else { continue };
+        let Ok(o) = IdxdObject::parse(&b) else { continue };
+        let mut units: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+        for id in o.tokens().iter().filter(|s| s.starts_with("UN_")) {
+            let prop = id.contains("Asteroid") || id.contains("cmesh") || id.contains("_Box");
+            if !prop && !units.iter().any(|u| u == id) {
+                units.push(id.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        let missing: Vec<String> = units.iter().filter(|u| !have.contains(*u)).cloned().collect();
+        rows.push((missing.len(), stage, missing));
+    }
+    rows.sort_by_key(|(n, _, _)| std::cmp::Reverse(*n));
+    println!("units already harvested: {}\n", have.len());
+    println!("stage   missing  roster units not yet read");
+    for (n, stage, missing) in rows.iter().take(12) {
+        let s: Vec<&str> = missing.iter().take(6).map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
+        println!("{stage:<8} {n:>5}   {}", s.join(", "));
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/screen_configs.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//! RE probe: dump tables.pak screen-config records that mention a given token.
+//! Usage: screen_configs <disc-root> <substring>
+use sylpheed_formats::{idxd::IdxdObject, pak::PakArchive};
+fn main(){
+    let a:Vec<String>=std::env::args().collect();
+    let needle=a.get(2).cloned().unwrap_or_else(||"CHALLENGE".into());
+    let arc=PakArchive::open(format!("{}/dat/tables.pak",a[1])).unwrap();
+    for (i,e) in arc.entries().iter().enumerate(){
+        let Ok(b)=arc.read(e) else{continue};
+        let Ok(o)=IdxdObject::parse(&b) else{continue};
+        let t=o.tokens();
+        if !t.iter().any(|s|s.to_lowercase().contains(&needle.to_lowercase())){continue}
+        let path=t.iter().find(|s|s.contains(".pak+")).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+        if !path.is_empty() && !path.contains("+eng"){continue}
+        println!("\n=== entry #{i} schema {:08x} [{path}] {} tokens ===",o.schema_hash,t.len());
+        for (j,tok) in t.iter().enumerate(){println!("  {j:3}  {tok}");}
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/starts_probe.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+fn main(){let a:Vec<String>=std::env::args().collect();let b=std::fs::read(&a[1]).unwrap();
+let stride:usize=a[2].parse().unwrap(); let want:usize=a[3].parse().unwrap();
+let s=sylpheed_formats::mesh::debug_vertex_run_starts(&b,stride);
+println!("{} candidate starts at stride {}", s.len(), stride);
+println!("contains {:#x}: {}", want, s.contains(&want));
+let near:Vec<String>=s.iter().filter(|&&o| o.abs_diff(want)<0x200).map(|o|format!("{o:#x}")).collect();
+println!("nearby: {}", near.join(" "));}

crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/why_missed.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//! Why does a named resource never decode? Reports the furthest gate its best
+//! candidate reached. Usage: why_missed <container.xpr> [name-substring]
+use sylpheed_formats::mesh::{debug_best_rejection, xbg7_resource_names, Xbg7Model};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+fn main() {
+    let a: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(&a[1]).unwrap();
+    let filter = a.get(2).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+    let decoded: HashSet<String> = Xbg7Model::stage_models(&bytes).into_iter().map(|m| m.name).collect();
+    for n in xbg7_resource_names(&bytes) {
+        if decoded.contains(&n) || (!filter.is_empty() && !n.contains(&filter)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        match debug_best_rejection(&bytes, &n) {
+            Some((rank, why)) => println!("{n:<28} rank {rank}  {why}"),
+            None => println!("{n:<28} (no candidate reached any gate / skipped before anchoring)"),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/sylpheed-formats/src/mesh.rs

@@ -513,6 +513,9 @@ impl Xbg7Model {
             /// → the grouped-pool layout ([`anchor_grouped_meshes`]).
             markers: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
             decl: VertexDecl,
+            /// One declaration per marker (same order). A grouped pool can mix
+            /// strides, so the grouped path must use these rather than `decl`.
+            decls: Vec<VertexDecl>,
         }
         let mut resources: Vec<Res> = Vec::new();
         for _ in 0..header.num_resources {
@@ -551,10 +554,17 @@ impl Xbg7Model {
             // at a different offset when requested alone. The filter is applied
             // to the OUTPUT instead, so a subset is always a subset of the
             // container's own answer.
+            let mut decls = if submesh_decls() { all_vertex_decls(d) } else { Vec::new() };
+            if decls.len() != markers.len() {
+                // Never seen on the disc, but if the two walks disagree fall back
+                // to the single declaration rather than mis-pair them.
+                decls = vec![decl.clone(); markers.len()];
+            }
             resources.push(Res {
                 name,
                 markers,
                 decl,
+                decls,
             });
         }
         if resources.is_empty() {
@@ -614,7 +624,7 @@ impl Xbg7Model {
                 // Several sub-meshes sharing grouped index/vertex pools → the
                 // deterministic grouped-pool decode (hero ships et al.).
                 let grouped =
-                    anchor_grouped_meshes(bytes, data_base, starts, &r.markers, &r.decl, &empty_taken);
+                    anchor_grouped_meshes(bytes, data_base, starts, &r.markers, &r.decls, &empty_taken);
                 if !grouped.is_empty() {
                     grouped
                 } else {
@@ -728,7 +738,7 @@ impl Xbg7Model {
                         // Grouped pool: re-place the WHOLE pool past everything
                         // claimed, or keep what we had.
                         let alt = anchor_grouped_meshes(
-                            bytes, data_base, starts, &r.markers, &r.decl, &taken,
+                            bytes, data_base, starts, &r.markers, &r.decls, &taken,
                         );
                         if !alt.is_empty() {
                             m.meshes = alt;
@@ -915,6 +925,40 @@ pub fn debug_best_rejection(bytes: &[u8], name: &str) -> Option<(usize, String)>
     Some(best)
 }
 
+/// Diagnostic: the stride of every sub-mesh declaration of a named resource.
+/// A grouped pool may mix them (`n201_01` → 24, 24, 24, 28).
+pub fn debug_decl_strides(bytes: &[u8], name: &str) -> Vec<usize> {
+    decls_of(bytes, name).map(|v| v.iter().map(|d| d.stride).collect()).unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// Every sub-mesh declaration of a named resource (see [`all_vertex_decls`]).
+fn decls_of(bytes: &[u8], name: &str) -> Option<Vec<VertexDecl>> {
+    if bytes.len() < 16 || &bytes[..4] != b"XPR2" {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut cur = Cursor::new(bytes);
+    let header = Xpr2Header::read(&mut cur).ok()?;
+    const DIR_BASE: usize = 0x10;
+    for _ in 0..header.num_resources {
+        let Ok(e) = Xpr2ResourceEntry::read(&mut cur) else { break };
+        if &e.type_tag != b"XBG7" {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let desc = e.data_offset as usize + DIR_BASE;
+        let desc_end = (desc + e.descriptor_size as usize).min(bytes.len());
+        if desc >= bytes.len() || desc_end <= desc {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let rname = read_cstr(bytes, e.name_offset as usize + DIR_BASE)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "XBG7".to_string());
+        if rname != name {
+            continue;
+        }
+        return Some(all_vertex_decls(&bytes[desc..desc_end]));
+    }
+    None
+}
+
 /// Diagnostic: why does the decoder refuse a grouped-pool resource at a given
 /// pool start? Recomputes the pool layout exactly as [`anchor_grouped_meshes`]
 /// does and reports the pivot sub-mesh's verdict for each index/vertex pad —
@@ -927,6 +971,12 @@ pub fn debug_grouped_report(bytes: &[u8], name: &str, vb0: usize) -> Vec<String>
     if n == 0 {
         return vec!["no index markers".into()];
     }
+    // Per-sub-mesh declarations, like the production path: a pool can mix strides
+    // and reporting with one of them blames the wrong gate.
+    let decls = match decls_of(bytes, name).filter(|v| v.len() == n && submesh_decls()) {
+        Some(v) => v,
+        None => vec![decl.clone(); n],
+    };
     let (mut rel_ib, mut acc_i) = (Vec::with_capacity(n), 0usize);
     for &(_, ic) in &markers {
         rel_ib.push(acc_i);
@@ -936,8 +986,8 @@ pub fn debug_grouped_report(bytes: &[u8], name: &str, vb0: usize) -> Vec<String>
     let kmax = (0..n).max_by_key(|&i| markers[i].1).unwrap_or(0);
     let (vck, ick) = markers[kmax];
     let mut off_v = 0usize;
-    for &(vc, _) in markers.iter().take(kmax) {
+    for (i, &(vc, _)) in markers.iter().take(kmax).enumerate() {
-        off_v += vc * decl.stride;
+        off_v += vc * decls[i].stride;
     }
     let mut out = vec![format!(
         "{name}: {n} sub-meshes, pivot #{kmax} ({vck} verts, {ick} idx), pool span {span}"
@@ -957,7 +1007,7 @@ pub fn debug_grouped_report(bytes: &[u8], name: &str, vb0: usize) -> Vec<String>
             vb0 + off_v,
             vck,
             ick,
-            &decl,
+            &decls[kmax],
             0.85,
             true,
         );
@@ -1089,6 +1139,33 @@ fn pad0_consistency() -> f32 {
     std::env::var("XBG7_PAD0_CONSISTENCY").ok().and_then(|v| v.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0.70)
 }
 
+/// Revert knob for the 2026-08-13 pad scoring: with `XBG7_PAD_FIRST_MATCH=1`,
+/// [`anchor_pool_mesh`] takes the FIRST pad that validates (the pre-fix
+/// behaviour) instead of the pad whose index run is cleanest. Kept so the two
+/// behaviours can be diffed on the disc; see docs/re/structures/xbg7-mesh.md.
+/// Use the **per-sub-mesh** vertex declarations in a grouped pool — **on by
+/// default**; `XBG7_SUBMESH_DECLS=0` restores the single-declaration reading.
+///
+/// Each index marker is followed by its own element triples and they can differ:
+/// `n201_01` (`Stage_S02.xpr`) declares strides 24, 24, 24, **28**, which a runtime
+/// capture confirms draw-for-draw (`stride=28` on the fourth draw, and a distinct
+/// vertex shader per sub-mesh). Reading only the first declaration walked the last
+/// buffer out of phase and declined the whole resource.
+///
+/// With this and the completeness-based candidate choice in
+/// [`anchor_grouped_meshes`], `n201_01` anchors at the capture-proven pool start
+/// with all four sub-meshes at the captured offsets, its two sibling copies take
+/// their own pools, disc-wide misses fall **85 → 47**, and the captured index runs
+/// of the stage-05 mission rise **124 → 128** identical. See
+/// docs/re/structures/xbg7-mesh.md.
+fn submesh_decls() -> bool {
+    std::env::var("XBG7_SUBMESH_DECLS").map(|v| v != "0").unwrap_or(true)
+}
+
+fn pad_first_match() -> bool {
+    std::env::var("XBG7_PAD_FIRST_MATCH").map(|v| v == "1").unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
 /// Triangle count below which the looser [`small_cap`] applies. `0` (default)
 /// disables the split, so the flat [`edge_cap`] governs every block.
 fn small_tris() -> usize {
@@ -1273,6 +1350,9 @@ fn anchor_pool_mesh(
     min_vb: usize,
 ) -> Option<GameMesh> {
     let idx_bytes = index_count * 2;
+    // First accepted candidate whose index run still has degenerate triangles —
+    // used only if no clean candidate exists anywhere (see the end of the loop).
+    let mut dirty: Option<(usize, usize)> = None;
     for &vb in starts {
         // Monotone assignment (opt-in): resources of one signature are laid out
         // in descriptor order, so a later one may not take an earlier block.
@@ -1293,6 +1373,17 @@ fn anchor_pool_mesh(
         // pad>0 is gated at a strict 0.85 consistency to avoid a false anchor in
         // the ungated (`min_consistency == 0`) stage path — pad 0 keeps its exact
         // prior behaviour.
+        // Do NOT take the first pad that validates. A list read one element late
+        // still validates — every index is in range, the pool is still covered,
+        // and the winding can squeak past 0.70 — but it re-wires every triangle.
+        // The runtime capture caught it (17 draw batches whose captured indices
+        // equal ours shifted by one, all on pad-2 buffers), and the signature is
+        // decidable offline: a shift wires vertices arbitrarily, so triangles come
+        // out DEGENERATE (a repeated index). 282 of 283 correctly anchored
+        // `Stage_S02` blocks have zero degenerate triangles, against 1–2 156 for
+        // their shifted readings. So score every validating pad and keep the
+        // cleanest. See docs/re/structures/xbg7-mesh.md.
+        let mut best: Option<(usize, f32, usize)> = None; // (degenerate, -winding, pad)
         for pad in 0..=3usize {
             if vb < idx_bytes + pad {
                 continue;
@@ -1310,11 +1401,46 @@ fn anchor_pool_mesh(
                 min_consistency.max(0.85)
             };
             if validate_block(bytes, ib, vb, vtx_count, index_count, decl, mc, true) {
-                // ── Accepted: read the full mesh. ──
+                if pad_first_match() {
                     return Some(read_pool_mesh(bytes, ib, vb, index_count, vtx_count, decl));
                 }
+                let (degen, wind) = index_run_quality(bytes, ib, vb, index_count, decl);
+                let cand = (degen, -wind, pad);
+                if best.map_or(true, |b| cand < b) {
+                    best = Some(cand);
                 }
             }
+        }
+        if let Some((degen, _, pad)) = best {
+            // A candidate whose triangles are degenerate-free is preferred over an
+            // earlier one that is not. This keeps first-match order for every
+            // clean hit (the overwhelming majority) and only searches on when the
+            // first accepted block is provably mis-fitted — the two resources that
+            // survived the pad fix (`e201_bdy_03_m`, `_rou_f402_dead`) each have
+            // exactly ONE degenerate-free block in their container, sitting later
+            // in file order than the lookalike we were taking.
+            if degen == 0 || pad_first_match() {
+                return Some(read_pool_mesh(bytes, vb - idx_bytes - pad, vb, index_count, vtx_count, decl));
+            }
+            if dirty.is_none() {
+                dirty = Some((vb, pad));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // NOT DONE, deliberately: when every validating candidate is degenerate one
+    // could re-scan without the pad-0 winding floor, since degeneracy is the
+    // stronger witness. Written and measured 2026-08-13 — it fires for **nothing**
+    // on the disc. The single remaining dirty resource (`_rou_f402_dead` in
+    // `Stage_S09`) does have a degenerate-free block that validates at
+    // `XBG7_PAD0_CONSISTENCY=0`, but it is CLAIMED by `e_rou_f003_Near`, so
+    // distinct assignment — not the winding floor — is what blocks it. Both are
+    // 24-vertex bounding boxes, i.e. the box-identity class that needs
+    // descriptor-level data rather than another anchoring heuristic (see the docs).
+    // Nothing clean anywhere: keep the first accepted block, so this can never
+    // cost coverage relative to first-match.
+    if let Some((vb, pad)) = dirty {
+        return Some(read_pool_mesh(bytes, vb - idx_bytes - pad, vb, index_count, vtx_count, decl));
+    }
     None
 }
 
@@ -1546,25 +1672,27 @@ fn anchor_grouped_meshes(
     data_base: usize,
     starts: &[usize],
     markers: &[(usize, usize)], // (vtx_count, idx_count) in descriptor/file order
-    decl: &VertexDecl,
+    decls: &[VertexDecl],       // one per marker — a pool CAN mix strides
     taken: &std::collections::HashSet<usize>,
 ) -> Vec<GameMesh> {
     let n = markers.len();
-    if n == 0 {
+    if n == 0 || decls.len() < n {
         return Vec::new();
     }
-    let stride = decl.stride;
+    let decl = &decls[0];
 
     // Relative index-buffer offsets (ib0 = 0), 4-byte aligned between buffers,
     // and cumulative vertex offsets (vb0 = 0) — both derived from the marker list.
     let mut rel_ib = Vec::with_capacity(n);
     let mut off_v = Vec::with_capacity(n);
     let (mut acc_i, mut acc_v) = (0usize, 0usize);
-    for &(vc, ic) in markers {
+    for (i, &(vc, ic)) in markers.iter().enumerate() {
         rel_ib.push(acc_i);
         off_v.push(acc_v);
         acc_i = align4(acc_i + ic * 2);
-        acc_v += vc * stride;
+        // Each sub-mesh advances by ITS OWN stride: `n201_01` ends with a
+        // stride-28 sub-mesh after three stride-24 ones (capture-confirmed).
+        acc_v += vc * decls[i].stride;
     }
     // The index pool spans ib0 .. end-of-last-buffer. The vertex pool that
     // follows is **4-byte aligned**, so up to 3 bytes of padding can sit between
@@ -1582,12 +1710,61 @@ fn anchor_grouped_meshes(
     let kmax = (0..n).max_by_key(|&i| markers[i].1).unwrap_or(0);
     let (vck, ick) = markers[kmax];
 
+    // Build the pool at a candidate (vb0, pad). Sub-meshes that fail the
+    // structural requirements (every index inside its own buffer, indices
+    // reaching its end) are skipped, so the returned length says how much of the
+    // declared pool this candidate actually explains — which is what selects
+    // between candidates below.
+    let build = |vb0: usize, pad: usize| -> Vec<GameMesh> {
+        let ib0 = vb0 - span - pad;
+        let mut meshes = Vec::with_capacity(n);
+        let mut vb = vb0;
+        for i in 0..n {
+            let (vc, ic) = markers[i];
+            let ib = ib0 + rel_ib[i];
+            if ib + ic * 2 > bytes.len()
+                || vc.checked_mul(decls[i].stride).map_or(true, |b| vb + b > bytes.len())
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+            let ok = validate_block(bytes, ib, vb, vc, ic, &decls[i], 0.85, false);
+            if !ok && i > kmax {
+                break; // chain diverged — emit the validated prefix, no garbage
+            }
+            let mut max_idx = 0usize;
+            let in_range = (0..ic).all(|k| {
+                let i = be16(bytes, ib + k * 2) as usize;
+                max_idx = max_idx.max(i);
+                i < vc
+            });
+            if in_range && max_idx + cover_slack() >= vc {
+                meshes.push(read_pool_mesh(bytes, ib, vb, ic, vc, &decls[i]));
+            }
+            vb += vc * decls[i].stride;
+        }
+        meshes
+    };
+
+    // A candidate that explains the WHOLE pool beats one that explains part of it,
+    // however early it sits in file order. `n201_01` is the case that forced this:
+    // a `vb0` **4 bytes before** the capture-proven start also validates for the
+    // pivot (at pad 2) and, being earlier in the scan, used to win — then two of
+    // the four sub-meshes fell out as out-of-range and the resource decoded as a
+    // 2-part fragment 4 bytes off. The proven start explains all four.
+    let mut partial: Option<Vec<GameMesh>> = None;
+
     for &vb0 in starts {
         // Distinct assignment: a pool another resource already claimed is not a
         // candidate (see the collision resolution in `anchor_models_filtered`).
         if taken.contains(&vb0) {
             continue;
         }
+        // Which pad? Not the first that validates — the same trap the searched
+        // path had until 2026-08-13: a pool read one index element late still
+        // validates but wires every triangle wrongly. Score the pivot's index run
+        // (degenerate triangles first, then winding) and keep the cleanest pad.
+        // `XBG7_PAD_FIRST_MATCH=1` restores first-match here too.
+        let mut best: Option<(usize, f32, usize)> = None;
         for pad in 0..=3usize {
             if vb0 < span + pad {
                 continue;
@@ -1602,60 +1779,64 @@ fn anchor_grouped_meshes(
             // collapses well below 0.85, so only the true pad/pivot passes.
             let ib_k = ib0 + rel_ib[kmax];
             let vb_k = vb0 + off_v[kmax];
-            if !validate_block(bytes, ib_k, vb_k, vck, ick, decl, grouped_consistency(), true) {
+            if !validate_block(bytes, ib_k, vb_k, vck, ick, &decls[kmax], grouped_consistency(), true) {
                 continue;
             }
-
+            let (degen, wind) = index_run_quality(bytes, ib_k, vb_k, ick, &decls[kmax]);
-            // Pivot confirmed the exact alignment ⇒ every marker up to the pivot
+            let cand = (degen, -wind, pad);
-            // is correctly placed; read those unconditionally (a legitimately
+            if best.map_or(true, |b| cand < b) {
-            // tiny/flat lead part may fail the quality gates yet still be real).
+                best = Some(cand);
-            // Markers after the pivot are validated so a stray trailing marker
+            }
-            // ends the chain instead of appending garbage.
+            if pad_first_match() {
-            let mut meshes = Vec::with_capacity(n);
-            let mut vb = vb0;
-            for i in 0..n {
-                let (vc, ic) = markers[i];
-                let ib = ib0 + rel_ib[i];
-                if ib + ic * 2 > bytes.len()
-                    || vc.checked_mul(stride).map_or(true, |b| vb + b > bytes.len())
-                {
                 break;
             }
-                // Parts are placed deterministically; in-range + consistency pins
-                // them, so the connectivity heuristic (which mis-rejects small
-                // flat fins) is relaxed here.
-                let ok = validate_block(bytes, ib, vb, vc, ic, decl, 0.85, false);
-                if !ok && i > kmax {
-                    break; // chain diverged — emit the validated prefix, no garbage
-                }
-                // Sub-meshes BEFORE the pivot are emitted even when they fail the
-                // quality gates (a tiny flat lead part is legitimately poor), but
-                // an index that addresses past its own vertex buffer is not a
-                // quality question — it is unusable. Measured 2026-08-12: 18
-                // sub-meshes disc-wide carried indices up to 364 vertices past
-                // the end (`coverage_audit`), which any renderer would fault on.
-                // Same two structural requirements the searched path enforces:
-                // every index inside the buffer, and the indices reaching the
-                // end of it. Real geometry covers its pool exactly — 8 586 of
-                // 8 636 decoded sub-meshes reference their last vertex, none
-                // more than 3 short (`coverage_audit`) — so a sub-mesh whose
-                // indices stop well short is reading the wrong block, not a
-                // sparse one.
-                let mut max_idx = 0usize;
-                let in_range = (0..ic).all(|k| {
-                    let i = be16(bytes, ib + k * 2) as usize;
-                    max_idx = max_idx.max(i);
-                    i < vc
-                });
-                if in_range && max_idx + cover_slack() >= vc {
-                    meshes.push(read_pool_mesh(bytes, ib, vb, ic, vc, decl));
-                }
-                vb += vc * stride;
         }
+        if let Some((_, _, pad)) = best {
+            // Pivot confirmed the alignment; how much of the pool does it explain?
+            let meshes = build(vb0, pad);
+            if meshes.len() == n {
                 return meshes;
             }
+            if partial.as_ref().map_or(true, |p| meshes.len() > p.len()) {
+                partial = Some(meshes);
             }
-    Vec::new()
+        }
+    }
+    // No candidate explained the whole pool — keep the best partial one, so this
+    // can never decode less than the previous first-match behaviour.
+    partial.unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// How clean is the triangle list at `ib` against the pool at `vb`?
+///
+/// Returns `(degenerate triangles, winding agreement)` — the two properties that
+/// separate a correctly located index run from one read a couple of bytes off.
+/// A shifted run wires arbitrary vertices, which shows up as **degenerate**
+/// triangles (a repeated index) and a winding agreement drifting toward the 0.5
+/// middle; a real block has zero degenerate triangles and agreement ≈1 or ≈0.
+/// Used by [`anchor_pool_mesh`] to choose between pads that all validate.
+fn index_run_quality(
+    bytes: &[u8],
+    ib: usize,
+    vb: usize,
+    index_count: usize,
+    decl: &VertexDecl,
+) -> (usize, f32) {
+    // The pool only needs as many vertices as the run references.
+    let mut max_idx = 0usize;
+    for k in 0..index_count {
+        let at = ib + k * 2;
+        if at + 2 > bytes.len() {
+            return (usize::MAX, 0.0);
+        }
+        max_idx = max_idx.max(be16(bytes, at) as usize);
+    }
+    let m = read_pool_mesh(bytes, ib, vb, index_count, max_idx + 1, decl);
+    if m.normals.is_empty() {
+        return (0, 1.0); // no normals: degeneracy alone decides
+    }
+    let (_, degen, na, _) = topology_report(&m.indices, &m.positions, &m.normals);
+    (degen, na.max(1.0 - na))
 }
 
 /// Read positions / normals / uvs / indices for an anchored stage block.
@@ -1708,8 +1889,10 @@ const VERTEX_BUFFER_GAP: usize = 12;
 
 // ── Vertex declaration ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-/// The vertex layout for one XBG7 resource, parsed from the descriptor's
+/// The vertex layout of one XBG7 **sub-mesh**, parsed from the element triples
-/// declaration table (shared by all its sub-meshes).
+/// that follow its index marker. A grouped pool may declare a different layout
+/// per sub-mesh — see [`all_vertex_decls`].
+#[derive(Clone)]
 struct VertexDecl {
     /// Bytes per vertex.
     stride: usize,
@@ -1781,8 +1964,51 @@ fn all_index_markers(desc: &[u8]) -> Vec<(usize, usize)> {
     out
 }
 
+/// Every sub-mesh's OWN declaration, in file order.
+///
+/// A grouped pool is **not** one declaration repeated: each index marker is
+/// followed by its own element triples, and they can differ. `n201_01`
+/// (`Stage_S02.xpr`) declares strides 24, 24, 24 and **28** — the last sub-mesh
+/// has a fourth element — which a 2026-08-13 runtime capture confirms
+/// (`stride=28` on that draw, and a different vertex shader for each sub-mesh).
+/// Reading the first declaration for the whole pool walks the last buffer out of
+/// phase and the resource is declined; see docs/re/structures/xbg7-mesh.md.
+fn all_vertex_decls(desc: &[u8]) -> Vec<VertexDecl> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut rel = 0usize;
+    while rel + 8 <= desc.len() {
+        let a = be32(desc, rel);
+        let c = be32(desc, rel + 4);
+        if c >= 3 && c % 3 == 0 && c < 400_000 && a == c * 2 && rel >= 32 {
+            let vc = be32(desc, rel - 32) as usize;
+            if (3..=200_000).contains(&vc) {
+                match parse_decl_at(desc, rel + 8) {
+                    Some(d) => out.push(d),
+                    // Keep the positions aligned with `all_index_markers`: a
+                    // marker whose declaration will not parse still occupies a
+                    // slot, so fall back to the resource's first declaration.
+                    None => match out.first() {
+                        Some(d) => out.push(d.clone()),
+                        None => return Vec::new(),
+                    },
+                }
+                rel += 8;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        rel += 4;
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 fn parse_vertex_decl(desc: &[u8]) -> Option<VertexDecl> {
     let mk = find_index_marker(desc)?.0;
+    parse_decl_at(desc, mk + 8)
+}
+
+/// Parse the element triples that start at `at` (just past an index marker).
+fn parse_decl_at(desc: &[u8], at: usize) -> Option<VertexDecl> {
+    let mk = at.checked_sub(8)?;
 
     // Read declaration triples.
     let mut elems: Vec<(usize, u32, u32)> = Vec::new(); // (offset, code, usage)

crates/sylpheed-formats/src/ship_capture.rs

@@ -49,6 +49,33 @@ pub struct CapturedDraw {
     /// First few LOCAL vertex positions dumped with the draw (buffer order).
     /// Used to disambiguate same-vcount twins (mirrored port/starboard parts).
     pub pos: Vec<[f32; 3]>,
+    /// The draw's INDEX buffer, when the capture recorded one (`ib base=…`,
+    /// added 2026-08-13): guest base address, index count, and the min/max index
+    /// value the emulator read out of guest memory. `None` for older logs and
+    /// for auto-index draws. This is ground truth for two things the offline
+    /// decoder can only assume — where a block's index buffer lives relative to
+    /// its vertex buffer, and how much of the vertex pool a draw really covers.
+    pub ib: Option<CapturedIndexBuffer>,
+}
+
+/// The index buffer a captured draw used. See [`CapturedDraw::ib`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct CapturedIndexBuffer {
+    /// Guest base address of the index data.
+    pub ibase: u32,
+    /// Number of indices the draw issued (== `VGT_DRAW_INITIATOR.num_indices`).
+    pub icount: u32,
+    /// Lowest index value in the buffer.
+    pub imin: u32,
+    /// Highest index value in the buffer — with `vcount` this says whether the
+    /// draw covers its whole vertex pool or only a sub-range.
+    pub imax: u32,
+    /// The first indices, verbatim (the capture prints up to 24). Byte-level
+    /// ground truth for the offline index decode: a matched block's decoded
+    /// index prefix must equal this run.
+    pub head: [u32; 24],
+    /// How many of `head` the capture actually carried.
+    pub head_len: u8,
 }
 
 /// A ship part to match against the capture. `part` is the **base** part name
@@ -100,13 +127,16 @@ pub fn parse_capture(text: &str) -> Vec<CapturedDraw> {
     let mut vcount = 0u32;
     let mut pos: Vec<[f32; 3]> = Vec::new();
     let mut consts: Vec<(usize, [f64; 4])> = Vec::new();
+    let mut ib: Option<CapturedIndexBuffer> = None;
 
     let flush = |vbase: u32,
                  vcount: u32,
                  pos: &mut Vec<[f32; 3]>,
+                 ib: &mut Option<CapturedIndexBuffer>,
                  consts: &[(usize, [f64; 4])],
                  out: &mut Vec<CapturedDraw>| {
         let pos = std::mem::take(pos);
+        let ib = ib.take();
         if vbase == 0 {
             return;
         }
@@ -115,18 +145,47 @@ pub fn parse_capture(text: &str) -> Vec<CapturedDraw> {
             return; // no WorldView for this draw — skip it
         };
         if let Some((r, t)) = normalize_wvp([c0, c1, c2]) {
-            out.push(CapturedDraw { vbase, vcount, r, t, pos });
+            out.push(CapturedDraw { vbase, vcount, r, t, pos, ib });
         }
     };
 
     for line in text.lines() {
         let l = line.trim();
         if let Some(rest) = l.strip_prefix("DRAW ") {
-            flush(vbase, vcount, &mut pos, &consts, &mut out);
+            flush(vbase, vcount, &mut pos, &mut ib, &consts, &mut out);
             consts.clear();
             let f = |k: &str| rest.split_whitespace().find_map(|t| t.strip_prefix(k));
             vbase = f("vbase=0x").and_then(|s| u32::from_str_radix(s, 16).ok()).unwrap_or(0);
             vcount = f("vcount=").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0);
+        } else if let Some(rest) = l.strip_prefix("ib base=0x") {
+            // `ib base=0x… count=N fmt=u16 endian=E len=L delta_vb=D min=a max=b idx: …`
+            let f = |k: &str| rest.split_whitespace().find_map(|t| t.strip_prefix(k));
+            let base = rest
+                .split_whitespace()
+                .next()
+                .and_then(|s| u32::from_str_radix(s, 16).ok());
+            if let (Some(ibase), Some(icount)) = (base, f("count=").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())) {
+                let mut head = [0u32; 24];
+                let mut head_len = 0u8;
+                if let Some((_, list)) = l.split_once("idx:") {
+                    for tok in list.split_whitespace() {
+                        let Ok(v) = tok.parse::<u32>() else { break };
+                        if head_len as usize >= head.len() {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        head[head_len as usize] = v;
+                        head_len += 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                ib = Some(CapturedIndexBuffer {
+                    ibase,
+                    icount,
+                    imin: f("min=").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0),
+                    imax: f("max=").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0),
+                    head,
+                    head_len,
+                });
+            }
         } else if l.starts_with("pos:") || l.starts_with("positions:") {
             pos = parse_pos_line(l, 8);
         } else if l.starts_with("vsconst") {
@@ -147,7 +206,7 @@ pub fn parse_capture(text: &str) -> Vec<CapturedDraw> {
             }
         }
     }
-    flush(vbase, vcount, &mut pos, &consts, &mut out);
+    flush(vbase, vcount, &mut pos, &mut ib, &consts, &mut out);
     out
 }
 
@@ -242,7 +301,9 @@ pub fn parse_drawlog(text: &str) -> Vec<CapturedDraw> {
         let get = |i: usize| consts.iter().find(|(k, _)| *k == i).map(|(_, v)| *v);
         let (Some(c0), Some(c1), Some(c2)) = (get(0), get(1), get(2)) else { return };
         if let Some((r, t)) = normalize_wvp([c0, c1, c2]) {
-            out.push(CapturedDraw { vbase: base, vcount: size / stride, r, t, pos });
+            // The draw-logger format carries an index base too, but it de-dups
+            // by vertex declaration, so it never lines up per part — left None.
+            out.push(CapturedDraw { vbase: base, vcount: size / stride, r, t, pos, ib: None });
         }
     };
 

crates/sylpheed-formats/tests/mesh_disc.rs

@@ -424,3 +424,59 @@ fn stage_models_quality_audit() {
     assert!(huge < models.len() / 20, "few huge (skybox-plane) models");
     assert!(worst_deg < 0.35, "no model should be mostly-degenerate");
 }
+
+/// A correctly located index run has **no degenerate triangles**. That is the
+/// signature the 2026-08-13 pad-scoring fix keys on: an index list read one
+/// element late still passes every count-based gate but wires arbitrary
+/// vertices, which produces triangles with a repeated index. Before the fix
+/// **579** decoded runs on the disc carried such triangles (and a runtime
+/// capture confirmed 17 of 93 index batches disagreed with the GPU); after it and
+/// the two follow-ups (pad scoring in the grouped path, and preferring a
+/// degenerate-free candidate over an earlier dirty one), exactly **one** does.
+/// Locking the
+/// number in, because the defect is invisible to coverage and to the anchor
+/// oracle: every count stays correct while the geometry is mis-wired.
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "requires extracted disc models — set SYLPHEED_RES3D"]
+fn decoded_index_runs_have_almost_no_degenerate_triangles() {
+    let Some(dir) = res3d_dir() else {
+        eprintln!("SKIP: resource3d dir not found (set SYLPHEED_RES3D)");
+        return;
+    };
+    let mut files: Vec<PathBuf> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir)
+        .expect("resource3d/")
+        .flatten()
+        .map(|e| e.path())
+        .filter(|p| p.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("xpr"))
+        .collect();
+    files.sort();
+
+    let mut offenders: Vec<(String, String, usize)> = Vec::new();
+    for f in &files {
+        let Ok(bytes) = std::fs::read(f) else { continue };
+        let where_ = f.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        for m in Xbg7Model::stage_models(&bytes) {
+            for sm in &m.meshes {
+                let d = sm
+                    .indices
+                    .chunks_exact(3)
+                    .filter(|t| t[0] == t[1] || t[1] == t[2] || t[0] == t[2])
+                    .count();
+                if d > 0 {
+                    offenders.push((m.name.clone(), where_.clone(), d));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // The one at default settings: `_rou_f402_dead` in `Stage_S09`, whose
+    // degenerate-free block is claimed by `e_rou_f003_Near` — both 24-vertex
+    // bounding boxes, the identity class that needs descriptor-level data. (With
+    // `XBG7_SUBMESH_DECLS=1` four newly decoded `ptc_pack` `.dat` composites join
+    // it; that knob is off by default.) Anything else here is a regression.
+    assert!(
+        offenders.len() <= 1,
+        "{} decoded index runs contain degenerate triangles (expected ≤ 1): {:?}",
+        offenders.len(),
+        &offenders[..offenders.len().min(20)]
+    );
+}

docs/re/INDEX.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Promote to a prose `structures/…md` file when a format needs behavioural notes
 | LSTA sprite list | ✅ | `sylpheed-formats/src/lsta.rs` | A display list of inline elements: **T8aD sprites and `PRMD` primitives**. The `count` at `0x04` is **exact and counts both** — `count == T8aD + PRMD` for **64/64** lists on the disc, which retires the old "a few entries disagree" note (it compared sprites against a total including primitives). **All 1 281 sprite frames decode** after the T8aD rectangle-list fix |
 | IXUD subtitle | 🟡/✅ | `sylpheed-formats/src/ixud.rs` + [movie link](movie-subtitle-link.md) | timed cues. **The movie↔subtitle↔voice link is solved — statically**, from the movie config record in `tables.pak` (schema `0x067025b9`), not from the running game as this row previously assumed: [101 movies mapped](captures/movie-subtitle-voice-map.csv), 94 with subtitles, 83 with voice, 21 with a telop overlay. 93 of 94 subtitle refs resolve in the language paks; **`SUBTITLE_S12B.tbl` is missing from all six languages** — a dangling reference on the disc. Naming is `SUBTITLE_<base>.tbl` / `VOICE_<base>` with six documented exceptions. The record's ~104 **script ids** are ❔ — positional pairing drifts by three because the IDXD pool dedupes repeated values |
 | Fonts (ttf/otf/ttc) | ✅ | `sylpheed-formats/src/font.rs` | standard OpenType, parsed via ttf-parser |
-| XBG7 mesh | ✅/🟡 | `sylpheed-formats/src/mesh.rs` + `tests/mesh_disc.rs` ([xbg7](structures/xbg7-mesh.md)) | **6 294 resources, 6 209 decode (98.7 %), 82 searched-and-missed** (2026-08-12, up from 5 480 / 87.1 %). Five evidence-driven fixes got there: **distinct anchor assignment** (no two resources may claim one buffer — proved by a capture showing the container holds both mirrored `e106` hull halves), the connectivity cap replaced by a **winding-consistency gate at 0.70**, **structural requirements on pre-pivot sub-meshes** (index range, then exact pool coverage), and **filtering after the assignment** so a subset query cannot differ from the full decode. Validated against a runtime capture that names the file offset of every buffer the engine drew: **46/46 drawn buffers claimed, 45 anchored exactly**. **No real mesh now decodes differently in different containers** — all 89 remaining cross-container disagreements are interchangeable 24-vertex bounding boxes, which no anchoring rule can pin (monotone order re-tested and refuted). Remaining misses attribute to the degeneracy/extent gate (42), winding (31) and coverage (9); the first was probed and its "obvious" fix refuted. Every decoded sub-mesh covers its own vertex pool |
+| XBG7 mesh | ✅/🟡 | `sylpheed-formats/src/mesh.rs` + `tests/mesh_disc.rs` ([xbg7](structures/xbg7-mesh.md)) | **6 294 resources, 6 209 decode (98.7 %), 82 searched-and-missed** (2026-08-12, up from 5 480 / 87.1 %). Five evidence-driven fixes got there: **distinct anchor assignment** (no two resources may claim one buffer — proved by a capture showing the container holds both mirrored `e106` hull halves), the connectivity cap replaced by a **winding-consistency gate at 0.70**, **structural requirements on pre-pivot sub-meshes** (index range, then exact pool coverage), and **filtering after the assignment** so a subset query cannot differ from the full decode. Validated against a runtime capture that names the file offset of every buffer the engine drew: **46/46 drawn buffers claimed, 45 anchored exactly**. **No real mesh now decodes differently in different containers** — all 89 remaining cross-container disagreements are interchangeable 24-vertex bounding boxes, which no anchoring rule can pin (monotone order re-tested and refuted). Remaining misses attribute to the degeneracy/extent gate (42), winding (31) and coverage (9); the first was probed and its "obvious" fix refuted. Every decoded sub-mesh covers its own vertex pool. **The `[index buffer][vertex buffer]` layout is now runtime-verified** (2026-08-13): with the F10 capture extended to log each draw's index buffer, all **42** drawn `Stage_S02` buffers match our decoded index count exactly, all 42 have their index union cover the pool exactly, and the 30 single-block cases all sit at `pad ≤ 3` — so `e106_eng_02_l`'s old rejection was the connectivity gate, not a misplaced index buffer. The `indices=` mystery was the capture keeping only the **first of several index batches** per buffer. **And comparing index VALUES found the biggest silent defect yet**: the anchor took the first `pad` that validated, so a block whose index data sits at pad 2 was read **one element late** — 76/93 captured runs matched, all 17 differences a one-element shift. Scoring pads by degenerate triangles + winding fixes it: **93/93** captured runs now match byte for byte, disc-wide degenerate runs **582 → 1** (the grouped path had the same bug; and two resources were anchored on a degenerate lookalike earlier in file order), **590 of 8 850** sub-meshes re-wired with 10 vertex anchors moved, resources decoded unchanged at 6 209. Cross-container minority decodes 89 → 96 — *because* the decoder improved: `_rou_f402_dead` now has a majority (32×25×8) so its seven wrong copies are named instead of hidden. One dirty run remains, blocked by distinct assignment on a 24-vertex box. **Then the descriptor gave up its last structural secret**: it declares a vertex layout **per sub-mesh** (`n201_01` → strides 24/24/24/**28**, capture-confirmed), and grouped selection must prefer the candidate explaining the **whole** pool rather than the first whose pivot validates — together they take never-decoding resources **85 → 47** (**6 247 / 6 294 = 99.25 %** decode), put `n201_01` on all four capture-proven offsets and raise the stage-05 capture oracle to **128/128**. The residual 47 is 30 pose/proxy composites (0.010-unit marker boxes), 6 `.DAT` particle composites, 8 damage/LOD variants and 3 props — not a threshold away |
 | Capital-ship part placement | ✅ | `sylpheed-formats/src/ship.rs` (static) + [runtime capture](ship-placement-runtime-capture.md) | Placement is **sound** (hull static-exact against the `e106` capture; cross-id mounting genuinely narrow, 2 pairs across 335 ships). The XBG7 mis-decode this row used to blame for "ships assemble wrong" — a shared turret ~100× too large in some containers — is **fixed** (2026-08-12, the exact-coverage requirement): `e303_wep_01` now decodes 49×23×42 everywhere and places at ±179 on the `e106` hull, and no real mesh disagrees across containers. A composite-node audit confirmed the assembler itself never applied a bad scale (all nodes scale 1.0, orthonormal). Still open: `static_assembly_matches_runtime_capture` walks capture parts only, so **extra** static placements cannot fail it |
 | Weapon fields defaulted on disc | ✅ | [runtime struct](structures/weapon-struct-runtime.md) · [DATA SHEET route](weapon-datasheet-runtime.md) | **Solved.** Canary maps guest RAM into `/dev/shm`, so the parsed `Weapon`/`Shell` objects are readable live; their layout is solved against disc ground truth (zero contradictions over 100+ records). All 126 weapons, exact numbers, no story progress needed — [4 393 values](captures/weapon-runtime-fields.csv) the disc does not carry. Supersedes the letter-bucket limit of the DATA SHEET route, which now serves as the independent cross-check |
 | Unit (craft/vessel) fields defaulted on disc | ✅/🟡 | [runtime struct](structures/unit-struct-runtime.md) | The parsed `unit\UN_*.tbl` definition object, vtable `0x820af844`, ≥`0x380` bytes, one per unit — **discovered, not assumed** (`unit_discover.py`), and distinguished from the spawned-entity class `0x820af030` by being one-per-ID and byte-constant within a run. Across runs only pointer words move — `--crosscheck` proves **no reported field offset is run-dependent** (two words, `+0x2c8`/`+0x2d0`, are stage-dependent and remain unidentified). 27 fields ✅ (21 units, 7 runs); the `Maneuver` block is **schema declaration order, 4 bytes/field, base `0x9c` with a two-slot gap after `AA_Roll_Min`** (29 anchors, 0 conflicts), which also pins 5 fields *no* disc record ever values. Angles are **radians at runtime, degrees on disc**. **Re-derived independently 2026-08-13 from the loader's own key strings** (`sub_82341A20`; the field name for each store is a string in the image): **159 fields**, agreeing with this solver on **25 of 25 shared offsets**, verified at **406 values matching the disc and 0 disagreeing** over 11 live objects spanning UNIT and VESSEL — landed as `data/unit_definition_layout.txt` + `sylpheed_formats::unit_layout` + a no-emulator test, with **121 defaulted fields** read out ([live-unit-definitions](live-unit-definitions.md)). Unlike weapons, unit definitions are instantiated **per stage**, so coverage (21/110) grows by visiting missions — but a defaulted field is **not** a global constant: `Size_Y` provably inherits `Size_X` (7 independent units, 6 distinct values), and three more sibling rules are recorded ❔, recovering 65 values in units never visited — [values](captures/unit-runtime-fields.csv) |
@@ -31,17 +31,19 @@ Promote to a prose `structures/…md` file when a format needs behavioural notes
 
 | Technique | Conf. | Spec | Notes |
 |-----------|-------|------|-------|
+| Scripted input without a virtual controller | ✅ | [`tools/re-capture/pad.py`](../../tools/re-capture/pad.py) + Canary `--hid=file` | The old `vgamepad` path created its device through `/dev/uinput`, which is **not namespaced** — a pad made inside the container registers with the HOST's input stack, so every scripted press leaked to the desktop. Canary now carries a header-only driver that reads pad state from a **text file** (`--hid=file --pad_file=…`): no kernel device, nothing leaves the container, and analogue values are exact. ⚠️ The trap: 360 menus poll **`XamInputGetKeystrokeEx`**, not `GetState` — with `GetKeystroke` stubbed the pad looks completely dead on a title screen while its own log shows the press arriving. Implemented edge-triggered, no auto-repeat (scripted input wants one event per press). Proven end to end: boot → title → main menu → EXTRAS from the file alone |
+| Live guest-memory write | ✅ | [`tools/re-capture/gpoke.py`](../../tools/re-capture/gpoke.py) | Write companion to `gmem.py`, same guest-VA → `/dev/shm` map; prints before/after per word. Used to confirm the challenge gate's cleared-stage mask on the running game |
 | Live guest-memory read | ✅ | [`tools/re-capture/gmem.py`](../../tools/re-capture/gmem.py) | Canary backs the guest address space with `/dev/shm/xenia_memory_*`; guest VAs map in through Xenia's fixed table. Full-RAM search ~0.2 s (sparse, `SEEK_DATA`). No debugger, no emulator patch, game keeps running |
 | IDXD object layout solver | ✅ | [`tools/re-capture/weapon_runtime.py`](../../tools/re-capture/weapon_runtime.py) | Scan RAM for a class's vtable → enumerate its objects → brute-force `(field, offset, encoding)` against the disc records. Accepts a binding only on **zero** contradictions. Generalizes to any IDXD-backed definition |
 | Live entity state, anchored on the definition | ✅ | [`tools/re-capture/own_state.py`](../../tools/re-capture/own_state.py) · [autopilot](autopilot-memory-driven.md) | An undamaged craft holds its definition's own numbers, so a *solved definition field* locates the matching live field without a value scan: definition `HP` (1500) → **hull at `position+0x154`**, confirmed by a trace across a death (30/60/90 per hit, negative at 0). Reusable for any live counter whose maximum the definition carries |
 | Mission / escort state, every entity's hull | ✅ | [`tools/re-capture/mission_state.py`](../../tools/re-capture/mission_state.py) · [escort state](mission-escort-state.md) | `hull = position + 0x154` is a property of the **entity class**, not of the player object: at t=0 it equals each entity's own definition `HP` across 7 classes and 5 distinct HP values (turret 100, fighter 500, destroyer 10000, cruiser 30000, **ACROPOLIS 25000**), falls under fire (780 damage events in 240 s), goes negative at death, and the object then leaves the heap. So an escort objective is scoreable live — `UN_f101_TCAF_Acropolis` measured at 25000 → 23038 over 240 s, attack starting only at t≈170 s. `REMAINING OB` counts objectives, not hostiles (012 on the HUD vs 118 live ADAN); its address is still ❔ |
 | In-flight control mapping | ✅/🟡 | [`tools/re-capture/fire_probe.sh`](../../tools/re-capture/fire_probe.sh) · [controls](flight-controls-runtime.md) | Measured by holding each pad input and photographing the HUD ammo counters: **`RB` = nose gun** (6000→5956 in 4 s, ~11 rounds/s, HEAT rises), **`Y` = main mount** (missiles, 300→299), d-pad = **tactical map** overlay, nothing else moves a counter. No target-cycle input exists — the `TARGET` marker is present with nothing pressed, so targeting is automatic and a missile lock is **time-on-target**. That, not target choice or ballistics, is what caps lethality at 2 kills per 98 missiles |
+| Throttle → speed law | ✅/🟡 | [flight-speed-law](flight-speed-law.md) | **The throttle selects a TARGET SPEED**, it does not add thrust: no input settles at ~420 (`CruisingVelocity` 350), `RT` at ~1 530 (`MaximumVelocity` 1200), `LT` at ~125 (`MinimumVelocity` 100), and releasing either returns to cruise. `Acceleration`/`Deceleration` govern the convergence rate (measured ~440–560 units/s² against 500/600). 🟡 measured world speeds run ≈1.2–1.3× the definition numbers while the HUD shows the definition value exactly, so world units are a constant (~1.25) multiple of the definition's velocity unit |
 | Input → dynamics calibration | ✅ | [`tools/re-capture/ctrl_probe.py`](../../tools/re-capture/ctrl_probe.py) · [`binq.py`](../../tools/re-capture/binq.py) | Hold each pad input in turn and measure the craft's speed as displacement/s of its own position triple — no speed field needed first. Settled the throttle: **`RT` accelerates, `LT` brakes, and the setting persists** (488 → 1510 → 174 units/s), overturning an earlier field-scan conclusion |
 
 ## Functions / code paths
 
-_None documented yet — populated during the dynamic-RE phase._
-
 | Function | Conf. | Reimpl. | Summary |
 |----------|-------|---------|---------|
-| — | — | — | — |
+| Achievement table + XAM read path | ✅/🟡 | [achievements](structures/achievements.md) | The XEX's `XACH` resource (`.pe` `0x8FBCBC`, 36-byte records) defines **24 achievements summing to 1000G** — the retail total, which self-checks the stride and field offsets. `GamePart_Debriefing` (`0x8218CF38`–`0x82191B18`) does two things: it walks the on-disc `ACHIEVEMENTS_REQUIREMENTS` list (`tables.pak` #16, entries `ACHIEVEMENT01…24`, in achievement-id order — its `ShootDownAircrafts`/`ShootDownShips`/`ShootDownWeight`/`GetAllWeapons`/`GetAllAchievements` types line up with ids 19–24 exactly as `XACH` names them), evaluating each and setting a bit; **and it enumerates `XACHIEVEMENT_DETAILS` from XAM** — 36-byte records confirmed by the `0x38E38E39`+`srawi 3` divide-by-36, `dwId` at `+0`, `dwFlags & 0x00020000` (`…_ACHIEVED`) at `+32`, behind a waited-then-closed async handle. **So earned state comes from the console profile, not the 545-byte save** — and the masks it builds are `1 << dwId`, i.e. **bit = the 1-based id**. **The challenge missions do NOT gate on this** — an earlier claim here, refuted by finding `+80`'s sole writer: it is `GamePart_StageClear` setting `1 << stage`, so that word is a *cleared-stage* mask and the shared "24" was a coincidence. `GetAllAchievements`/`GetAllWeapons` are requirement **types**, not debug cheats |
+| Challenge-mission gate + stage-config switch | ✅ | [challenge-mission-gate](challenge-mission-gate.md) | **`GamePart_ChallengeMission` gates each of the six challenge missions on a CLEARED-STAGE bit**: `REQUIREMENT` absent or `"Always"` → available, else `n = atoi(v)` and it tests bit `n` of singleton `+80` (`n < 24`) or bit `n-24` of `+1956` (`n ≥ 24`) — which is the disc's own stage numbering (story 1–16 and tutorial 18–23 below 24, challenge 24–29 above). Word A's **sole writer** is `0x821C1820` in `GamePart_StageClear`, doing `1 << (this+84)` where `this+84` is the stage number (it also indexes a 20-byte per-stage record array and the debriefing `STAGE` sprite list). So `TimeAttack` needs **stage 16** — the last story mission — and the rest chain off challenge stages 25–29. The six-mission table is on disc in `tables.pak` (schema `54a10697`). Separately, the stage loader picks its config section from a **mission-kind field at `object+144`**: `3` → `EXTRA`, `5`/`6` → `CHALLENGE`, anything else → `FILE`; two further sites treat `{3,5,6}` as one class. Constructed as `0` (`sub_821783D8`) and only ever *cleared* inside the class, so the kind comes from the launching GamePart, **not** from the stage number — which is a mechanism (🟡, unproven) for why patching the save's stage field to a challenge stage kills the load. Same note carries the **GamePart id table** (`0x820A1630`, 29 ids, `GP_CHALLENGE` = 26, cross-checked against the image's own `RegisterToFactory<26, …>` text) and the disc's **three stage families** — `S01`–`S16` story, `S18`–`S23` tutorial, `S24`–`S29` challenge, plus `Test`, matching `weapon.tbl`'s 16 + 6 + 6 key set exactly. `GP_CHALLENGE.pak` holds **0 IDXD objects** — it is the menu screen; challenge missions reuse `GP_MAIN_GAME_E.pak`'s stage records |

docs/re/captures/achievements-xach.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+XACH @0x8FBCBC  24 achievements  (string table #5 of 7)
+
+id  1 | bit  0 |  20G | Space Combat Award
+        unlocked: Received after your first space battle in the Glasner Training Area.
+        locked  : Awarded for participating in fighter combat in outer space.
+id  2 | bit  1 |  20G | Schlos Base Defense Award
+        unlocked: Received for stopping the missile attack on Schlos Base.
+        locked  : Awarded for stopping enemy attacks on Schlos Base.
+id  3 | bit  2 |  20G | Aegis of the People Medal
+        unlocked: Received for escorting all 7 refugee ships to safety.
+        locked  : Awarded for escorting the 7 refugee ships to safety.
+id  4 | bit  3 |  20G | TCAF Luna Medal
+        unlocked: Received for bravely helping the fleet escape during the invasion of the Matisse System.
+        locked  : Awarded for bravery beyond the call of duty to escort allied vessels to safety.
+id  5 | bit  4 |  40G | TCAF Mars Medal
+        unlocked: Received for bravery beyond the call of duty during the escape from the Matisse System.
+        locked  : Awarded for bravery beyond the call of duty under fierce enemy attacks.
+id  6 | bit  5 |  50G | Soldier's Charm Amulet
+        unlocked: Given to you by Raymond as a token of his trust.
+        locked  : Given to you by Raymond as a token of his trust.
+id  7 | bit  6 |  20G | White Griffons Patch
+        unlocked: Received by the commander and pilots of the White Griffon Squadron when it is formed. 
+        locked  : Awarded to the commander and pilots of the White Griffon Squadron when it is formed.
+id  8 | bit  7 |  30G | TCAF Jupiter Medal
+        unlocked: Received for bravery during the enemy's attack on the Alberti System.
+        locked  : Awarded for bravery beyond the call of duty during withdrawal of the allied fleet.
+id  9 | bit  8 |  40G | Furious Pursuit Badge
+        unlocked: Received for continuing attacks on the enemy and shooting down a large number of ships.
+        locked  : Awarded for diligently shooting down large numbers of enemy ships.
+id 10 | bit  9 |  30G | Solo Aerospace Combat Award
+        unlocked: Received for descending into Acheron's atmosphere and engaging in combat alone.
+        locked  : Awarded for descending into the atmosphere and engaging in combat alone.
+id 11 | bit 10 |  30G | Operation Nebula Blaze Award
+        unlocked: Received for completing the extremely hazardous Operation Nebula Blaze.
+        locked  : Awarded for fulfilling duty and fighting bravely in this difficult operation.
+id 12 | bit 11 |  40G | Guilty Roses Patch
+        unlocked: Received for repelling the Guilty Roses Squadron.
+        locked  : Awarded for repelling the enemy Guilty Roses Squadron.
+id 13 | bit 12 |  30G | Super Battleship Slayer Patch
+        unlocked: Received for shooting down the second S battleship.
+        locked  : Awarded for shooting down the second S battleship supporting the enemy fleet.
+id 14 | bit 13 |  40G | TCAF Terra Medal
+        unlocked: Received for shielding the fleet and seeing that all ships safely fled the Ingres System.
+        locked  : Awarded for shielding the fleet to allow its safe escape.
+id 15 | bit 14 |  40G | Hellfires Patch
+        unlocked: Received for repelling the enemy Hellfire Squadron.
+        locked  : Awarded for repelling the enemy Hellfire Squadron.
+id 16 | bit 15 |  50G | Night Ravens Patch
+        unlocked: Received for challenging and eradicating the Night Raven Squadron.
+        locked  : Awarded for challenging and eradicating the enemy Night Raven Squadron.
+id 17 | bit 16 |  40G | Solar System Defense Award
+        unlocked: Received for great achievements during the campaign to defend the Solar System.
+        locked  : Awarded for great achievement during the campaign to defend the Solar System.
+id 18 | bit 17 |  40G | Special Operations Medal
+        unlocked: Received for heroically destroying the Prometheus Driver.
+        locked  : Awarded for heroism in destroying the enemy's main weapon.
+id 19 | bit 18 |  30G | 1,000 Units Destroyed Medal
+        unlocked: Received for shooting down 1,000 enemy fighters and attackers in combat.
+        locked  : Awarded for shooting down 1,000 enemy fighters and attackers in space combat.
+id 20 | bit 19 |  70G | 10,000 Units Destroyed Medal
+        unlocked: Received for shooting down 10,000 enemy fighters and attackers in combat.
+        locked  : Awarded for shooting down 10,000 enemy fighters and attackers in space combat.
+id 21 | bit 20 |  50G | Ship Hunter Award
+        unlocked: Received for shooting down 100 enemy warships in combat.
+        locked  : Awarded for shooting down 100 warships in space combat.
+id 22 | bit 21 |  70G | Gigaton Club Patch
+        unlocked: Received for shooting down enemy vessels with a total weight of one gigaton.
+        locked  : Awarded for downing several enemy vessels with a combined weight of one gigaton.
+id 23 | bit 22 |  80G | Weapon Lord Patch
+        unlocked: Received after you collect all usable equipment for the Delta Saber.
+        locked  : Awarded for collecting all usable equipment for the Delta Saber.
+id 24 | bit 23 | 100G | TCAF Pilot's Commendation
+        unlocked: Commemmorates you as one of the greatest pilots in history.
+        locked  : Awarded to the greatest pilots in the TCAF.
+
+total gamerscore = 1000  [OK: retail total]

docs/re/captures/axis-probe-rows-pinned.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+input,roll_deg_s,yaw_deg_s,pitch_deg_s
+rx+,0.0,0.0,0.0
+ry+,0.0,0.0,0.0
+LB,0.0,0.0,0.0
+RB,0.0,0.0,0.0

docs/re/captures/axis-probe-stage02.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+input,roll_deg_s,yaw_deg_s,pitch_deg_s
+lx+,209.8,0.87,10.07
+ly+,0.0,154.12,0.0
+rx+,0.0,0.0,0.0
+ry+,161.07,86.98,37.06
+LB,0.0,0.0,0.0
+RB,0.0,0.0,0.0

docs/re/captures/challenge-map.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+=== 1. StageResource records in GP_MAIN_GAME_E.pak ===
+  29 stage records
+    S01      bg=Lebendorf        tokens=52
+    S02      bg=Lebendorf        tokens=51
+    S03      bg=Planet_Lebendorf tokens=51
+    S04      bg=Lebendorf_far    tokens=54
+    S05      bg=Lebendorf_far    tokens=54
+    S06      bg=Hargenteen       tokens=51
+    S07      bg=Hargenteen       tokens=53
+    S08      bg=Barch            tokens=59
+    S09      bg=Acheron          tokens=53
+    S10      bg=Acheron          tokens=53
+    S11      bg=Anastasis        tokens=53
+    S12      bg=Hargenteen       tokens=53
+    S13      bg=Hargenteen       tokens=56
+    S14      bg=Earth            tokens=59
+    S15      bg=Earth            tokens=53
+    S16      bg=PD               tokens=53
+    S18      bg=Original         tokens=43
+    S19      bg=Original         tokens=43
+    S20      bg=Original         tokens=43
+    S21      bg=Original         tokens=43
+    S22      bg=Original         tokens=50
+    S23      bg=Original         tokens=43
+    S24      bg=Anastasis        tokens=53
+    S25      bg=Hargenteen       tokens=53
+    S26      bg=Hargenteen       tokens=53
+    S27      bg=Planet_Lebendorf tokens=53
+    S28      bg=Lebendorf        tokens=54
+    S29      bg=Earth            tokens=53
+    Test     bg=Earth            tokens=43
+
+=== 2. GP_CHALLENGE.pak contents ===
+  151 entries, 0 IDXD objects
+
+=== 3. tokens mentioning Challenge / EX across the main pak ===
+    033b5b7e pgmsg_challenge1.t32
+    033b5b7e pgmsg_challenge2.t32
+    033b5b7e pgmsg_challenge3.t32
+    033b5b7e pgmsg_challenge4.t32
+    033b5b7e pgmsg_challenge5.t32
+    033b5b7e pgmsg_challenge6.t32
+    35b8dc67 UN_e001_ADAN_Elan_EX4
+    35b8dc67 UN_e007_ADAN_Turret_EX4
+    35b8dc67 UN_e008_ADAN_TurretPlus_EX4
+    35b8dc67 UN_e010_ADAN_Attacker_S_EX4
+    35b8dc67 UN_e011_ADAN_Attacker_B_EX4
+    35b8dc67 UN_e107_ADAN_AAFrigate_EX4
+    35b8dc67 UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_EX5
+    35b8dc67 UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_EX5_el
+    35b8dc67 UN_f003_TCAF_ArrowHead_EX4
+    35b8dc67 UN_f003_TCAF_ArrowHead_EX5
+    35b8dc67 UN_f104_TCAF_Battleship_EX5
+    35b8dc67 UN_f105_TCAF_Cruiser_EX5
+    3c5b0549 UN_e107_ADAN_AAFrigate_EX4
+    3c5b0549 UN_f104_TCAF_Battleship_EX5
+    3c5b0549 UN_f105_TCAF_Cruiser_EX5
+    3c5b0549 UnitName_UN_e107_ADAN_AAFrigate_EX4
+    3c5b0549 UnitName_UN_f104_TCAF_Battleship_EX5
+    3c5b0549 UnitName_UN_f105_TCAF_Cruiser_EX5
+    3c5b0549 Weapon_TCAF_Ship_AAGun_EX5
+    3c9ae32e EnumWeapon_EX5.tbl
+    43faa517 UN_e001_ADAN_Elan_EX4
+    43faa517 UN_e007_ADAN_Turret_EX4
+    43faa517 UN_e008_ADAN_TurretPlus_EX4
+    43faa517 UN_e010_ADAN_Attacker_S_EX4
+    43faa517 UN_e011_ADAN_Attacker_B_EX4
+    43faa517 UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_EX5
+    43faa517 UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_EX5_el
+    43faa517 UN_f003_TCAF_ArrowHead_EX4
+    43faa517 UN_f003_TCAF_ArrowHead_EX5
+    43faa517 UnitName_UN_e001_ADAN_Elan_EX4
+    43faa517 UnitName_UN_e007_ADAN_Turret_EX4
+    43faa517 UnitName_UN_e008_ADAN_TurretPlus_EX4
+    43faa517 UnitName_UN_e010_ADAN_Attacker_S_EX4
+    43faa517 UnitName_UN_e011_ADAN_Attacker_B_EX4
+    43faa517 UnitName_UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_EX5
+    43faa517 UnitName_UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_EX5_el
+    43faa517 UnitName_UN_f003_TCAF_ArrowHead_EX4
+    43faa517 UnitName_UN_f003_TCAF_ArrowHead_EX5
+    659aff47 UN_e001_ADAN_Elan_EX4
+    659aff47 UN_e007_ADAN_Turret_EX4
+    659aff47 UN_e008_ADAN_TurretPlus_EX4
+    659aff47 UN_e010_ADAN_Attacker_S_EX4
+    659aff47 UN_e011_ADAN_Attacker_B_EX4
+    659aff47 UN_e107_ADAN_AAFrigate_EX4
+    659aff47 UN_f003_TCAF_ArrowHead_EX4
+    6ab4825a WeaponCannonName_TCAF_Ship_AAGun_EX5
+    6ab4825a Weapon_TCAF_Ship_AAGun_EX5
+    6b9b000d UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_EX5
+    6b9b000d UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_EX5_el
+    6b9b000d UN_f003_TCAF_ArrowHead_EX5
+    6b9b000d UN_f104_TCAF_Battleship_EX5
+    6b9b000d UN_f105_TCAF_Cruiser_EX5
+    ffbc19c2 Weapon_TCAF_Ship_AAGun_EX5
+  (59 distinct)

docs/re/captures/challenge-screen-config.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,750 @@
+
+===== tables.pak entry #60  schema 54a10697  123 tokens  [dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+fra\] =====
+    0  xBASE_INFO
+    1  0x061031
+    2  VERSION
+    3  dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+fra\
+    4  PATH
+    5  strings.tbl
+    6  STRINGS
+    7  py_menu_scr.prt
+    8  MENU
+    9  CHIPS
+   10  py_menu_n_btn1.prt
+   11  Button_TimeAttack
+   12  py_menu_n_btn2.prt
+   13  Button_ScoreAttack
+   14  py_menu_n_btn3.prt
+   15  Button_Extra01
+   16  py_menu_n_btn4.prt
+   17  Button_Extra02
+   18  py_menu_n_btn5.prt
+   19  Button_Extra03
+   20  py_menu_n_btn6.prt
+   21  Button_Extra04
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+   23  Button_TimeAttack_Gray
+   24  py_menu_b_btn2.prt
+   25  Button_ScoreAttack_Gray
+   26  py_menu_b_btn3.prt
+   27  Button_Extra01_Gray
+   28  py_menu_b_btn4.prt
+   29  Button_Extra02_Gray
+   30  py_menu_b_btn5.prt
+   31  Button_Extra03_Gray
+   32  py_menu_b_btn6.prt
+   33  Button_Extra04_Gray
+   34  py_menu_challenge1.t32
+   35  Thumbnail_TimeAttack
+   36  py_menu_challenge2.t32
+   37  Thumbnail_ScoreAttack
+   38  py_menu_challenge3.t32
+   39  Thumbnail_Extra01
+   40  py_menu_challenge4.t32
+   41  Thumbnail_Extra02
+   42  py_menu_challenge5.t32
+   43  Thumbnail_Extra03
+   44  py_menu_challenge6.t32
+   45  Thumbnail_Extra04
+   46  py_menu_str_time.t32
+   47  Record_Time
+   48  py_menu_str_point.t32
+   49  Record_Point
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+   52  py_menu_new.prt
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+  117  ExtraStage02Desc
+  118  Extra03Requirement
+  119  ExtraStage03Desc
+  120  29
+  121  Extra04Requirement
+  122  ExtraStage04Desc
+
+===== tables.pak entry #64  schema 54a10697  123 tokens  [dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+eng\] =====
+    0  xBASE_INFO
+    1  0x061031
+    2  VERSION
+    3  dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+eng\
+    4  PATH
+    5  strings.tbl
+    6  STRINGS
+    7  py_menu_scr.prt
+    8  MENU
+    9  CHIPS
+   10  py_menu_n_btn1.prt
+   11  Button_TimeAttack
+   12  py_menu_n_btn2.prt
+   13  Button_ScoreAttack
+   14  py_menu_n_btn3.prt
+   15  Button_Extra01
+   16  py_menu_n_btn4.prt
+   17  Button_Extra02
+   18  py_menu_n_btn5.prt
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+   21  Button_Extra04
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+   23  Button_TimeAttack_Gray
+   24  py_menu_b_btn2.prt
+   25  Button_ScoreAttack_Gray
+   26  py_menu_b_btn3.prt
+   27  Button_Extra01_Gray
+   28  py_menu_b_btn4.prt
+   29  Button_Extra02_Gray
+   30  py_menu_b_btn5.prt
+   31  Button_Extra03_Gray
+   32  py_menu_b_btn6.prt
+   33  Button_Extra04_Gray
+   34  py_menu_challenge1.t32
+   35  Thumbnail_TimeAttack
+   36  py_menu_challenge2.t32
+   37  Thumbnail_ScoreAttack
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+   39  Thumbnail_Extra01
+   40  py_menu_challenge4.t32
+   41  Thumbnail_Extra02
+   42  py_menu_challenge5.t32
+   43  Thumbnail_Extra03
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+   45  Thumbnail_Extra04
+   46  py_menu_str_time.t32
+   47  Record_Time
+   48  py_menu_str_point.t32
+   49  Record_Point
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+  117  ExtraStage02Desc
+  118  Extra03Requirement
+  119  ExtraStage03Desc
+  120  29
+  121  Extra04Requirement
+  122  ExtraStage04Desc
+
+===== tables.pak entry #67  schema 54a10697  123 tokens  [dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+deu\] =====
+    0  xBASE_INFO
+    1  0x061031
+    2  VERSION
+    3  dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+deu\
+    4  PATH
+    5  strings.tbl
+    6  STRINGS
+    7  py_menu_scr.prt
+    8  MENU
+    9  CHIPS
+   10  py_menu_n_btn1.prt
+   11  Button_TimeAttack
+   12  py_menu_n_btn2.prt
+   13  Button_ScoreAttack
+   14  py_menu_n_btn3.prt
+   15  Button_Extra01
+   16  py_menu_n_btn4.prt
+   17  Button_Extra02
+   18  py_menu_n_btn5.prt
+   19  Button_Extra03
+   20  py_menu_n_btn6.prt
+   21  Button_Extra04
+   22  py_menu_b_btn1.prt
+   23  Button_TimeAttack_Gray
+   24  py_menu_b_btn2.prt
+   25  Button_ScoreAttack_Gray
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+   27  Button_Extra01_Gray
+   28  py_menu_b_btn4.prt
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+   34  py_menu_challenge1.t32
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+
+===== tables.pak entry #68  schema 54a10697  123 tokens  [dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+ita\] =====
+    0  xBASE_INFO
+    1  0x061031
+    2  VERSION
+    3  dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+ita\
+    4  PATH
+    5  strings.tbl
+    6  STRINGS
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+    8  MENU
+    9  CHIPS
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+   43  Thumbnail_Extra03
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+   45  Thumbnail_Extra04
+   46  py_menu_str_time.t32
+   47  Record_Time
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+
+===== tables.pak entry #74  schema 54a10697  123 tokens  [dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+jpn\] =====
+    0  BASE_INFO
+    1  0x061031
+    2  VERSION
+    3  dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+jpn\
+    4  PATH
+    5  strings.tbl
+    6  STRINGS
+    7  py_menu_scr.prt
+    8  MENU
+    9  CHIPS
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+   11  Button_TimeAttack
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+   15  Button_Extra01
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+   33  Button_Extra04_Gray
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+   35  Thumbnail_TimeAttack
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+   37  Thumbnail_ScoreAttack
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+   43  Thumbnail_Extra03
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+   45  Thumbnail_Extra04
+   46  py_menu_str_time.t32
+   47  Record_Time
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+   52  py_menu_new.prt
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+   54  FONTS
+   55  Font_Desc
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+
+===== tables.pak entry #75  schema 54a10697  123 tokens  [dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+esp\] =====
+    0  xBASE_INFO
+    1  0x061031
+    2  VERSION
+    3  dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+esp\
+    4  PATH
+    5  strings.tbl
+    6  STRINGS
+    7  py_menu_scr.prt
+    8  MENU
+    9  CHIPS
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+   13  Button_ScoreAttack
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+   21  Button_Extra04
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+   23  Button_TimeAttack_Gray
+   24  py_menu_b_btn2.prt
+   25  Button_ScoreAttack_Gray
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+   27  Button_Extra01_Gray
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+   29  Button_Extra02_Gray
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+   31  Button_Extra03_Gray
+   32  py_menu_b_btn6.prt
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docs/re/captures/pitch-burst-final.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+throttle,rep,settled_speed,burst_speed,rate_deg_per_wall_s
+min,0,126.5,98.1,100.93
+min,1,130.0,115.5,118.43
+cruise,0,414.3,395.5,101.48
+cruise,1,462.7,381.0,107.22
+max,0,1463.5,1330.5,56.83
+max,1,1496.4,1382.8,61.68

docs/re/captures/pitch-burst-settled-speeds.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+throttle,rep,settled_speed,burst_speed,rate_deg_per_wall_s
+min,0,121.3,102.6,113.64
+min,1,152.0,108.8,109.46
+cruise,0,428.5,374.7,100.19
+cruise,1,361.6,391.4,88.39
+max,0,1564.4,1352.0,52.22
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docs/re/captures/roll-about-forward-axis.csv

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docs/re/captures/roll-burst-final.csv

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docs/re/captures/stage-s02-index-buffer-truth.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+container load constant: vbase - file_offset = 0x17FE3FF4  (93 buffers agree)
+decoded 356 resources, 422 distinct vertex offsets
+
+vb 0x13FD6E8 v=25448  batches 8   idx 52077  span 104154  gap 2        decpad 2       cover exact      f101_bdy_01(v25448,i52077)
+vb 0x192961C v=13172  batches 2   idx 24816  span 49632   gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      f101_bdy_02(v13172,i24816)
+vb 0x1BF40F4 v=261    batches 3   idx 498    span 996     gap 41476    decpad 41476   cover exact      e_rob_f001(v24,i36) e_rou_f003_Near(v24,i36) e_rou_f101_wep_01(v24,i36) e_rou_f105(v24,i36) _rou_f105_break(v261,i498) e_rou_f106(v24,i36) e_rou_f302_barrel(v24,i36) e_rou_f302_base(v24,i36) e_rou_f303_barrel(v24,i36) e_rou_f303_base(v24,i36) e_rou_e007_Far(v24,i36) e_rou_e007_Near(v24,i36) e_rou_e010_Far(v24,i36) e_rou_e010_Near(v24,i36) e_rou_e105(v24,i36) e_rou_e105_wep_01(v24,i36) e_rou_e106(v24,i36) e_rou_e106_eng(v24,i36) e_rou_e106_wep_02_01(v24,i36) e_rou_e106_wep_02_joint(v24,i36) e_rou_e108_Missile_open(v24,i36) e_rou_e201(v24,i36) e_rou_e302_barrel(v24,i36) e_rou_e302_base(v24,i36) e_rou_e303_barrel_Near(v24,i36) e_rou_e303_base_Near(v24,i36) e_rou_e501(v24,i36)
+vb 0x1C0F67C v=82     batches 1   idx 144    span 288     gap 133672   decpad 133672  cover exact      _rou_f105_break(v82,i144)
+vb 0x1C1D92C v=220    batches 3   idx 384    span 768     gap 179872   decpad 179872  cover exact      _rou_f105_break(v220,i384)
+vb 0x1C1EDCC v=80     batches 2   idx 132    span 264     gap 184888   decpad 184888  cover exact      _rou_f105_break(v80,i132)
+vb 0x1C1F54C v=148    batches 3   idx 288    span 576     gap 186232   decpad 186232  cover exact      _rou_f105_break(v148,i288)
+vb 0x1C2032C v=156    batches 1   idx 246    span 492     gap 189292   decpad 189292  cover exact      _rou_f105_break(v156,i246)
+vb 0x1C2953C v=84     batches 1   idx 156    span 312     gap 220012   decpad 220012  cover exact      _rou_f105_break(v84,i156)
+vb 0x1C2AF1C v=122    batches 3   idx 351    span 702     gap 224882   decpad 224882  cover exact      _rou_f105_break(v122,i351)
+vb 0x1C2BA8C v=24     batches 2   idx 36     span 72      gap 227736   decpad 227736  cover exact      _rou_f105_break(v24,i36)
+vb 0x1ECB4C0 v=2446   batches 4   idx 5466   span 10932   gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      f105_bdy_01_m(v2446,i5466)
+vb 0x227AC94 v=1692   batches 3   idx 3651   span 7302    gap 2        decpad 2       cover exact      f106_bdy_02_l(v1692,i3651)
+vb 0x22C2EF0 v=686    batches 2   idx 1506   span 3012    gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      f106_bdy_03_l(v686,i1506)
+vb 0x22C8F50 v=1558   batches 3   idx 4098   span 8196    gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      f106_bdy_03_m(v1558,i4098)
+vb 0x22ED420 v=261    batches 4   idx 561    span 1122    gap 2        decpad 2       cover exact      f106_eng_01_l(v261,i561)
+vb 0x22F0430 v=1162   batches 4   idx 3018   span 6036    gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      f106_eng_01_m(v1162,i3018)
+vb 0x2326C9C v=254    batches 2   idx 495    span 990     gap 2        decpad 2       cover exact      f106_sld_01_l(v254,i495)
+vb 0x233B3FC v=254    batches 2   idx 495    span 990     gap 2        decpad 2       cover exact      f106_sld_02_l(v254,i495)
+vb 0x233D700 v=627    batches 3   idx 1434   span 2868    gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      f106_sld_02_m(v627,i1434)
+vb 0x24CE5F4 v=32     batches 1   idx 60     span 120     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      f303_body_l(v32,i60)
+vb 0x28EA1D4 v=156    batches 2   idx 228    span 456     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e105_bdy_01_l(v156,i228)
+vb 0x28F7514 v=107    batches 3   idx 180    span 360     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e105_bdy_02_l(v107,i180)
+vb 0x291E1E8 v=185    batches 2   idx 285    span 570     gap 2        decpad 2       cover exact      e105_bdy_03_l(v185,i285)
+vb 0x29A4788 v=181    batches 3   idx 318    span 636     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e105_bdy_04_l(v181,i318)
+vb 0x29B78B8 v=93     batches 2   idx 117    span 234     gap 2        decpad 2       cover exact      e105_bdy_05_l(v93,i117)
+vb 0x2A22574 v=41     batches 1   idx 51     span 102     gap 2        decpad 2       cover exact      e105_bdy_06_l(v41,i51)
+vb 0x2A47BAC v=77     batches 1   idx 111    span 222     gap 2        decpad 2       cover exact      e105_brg_l(v77,i111)
+vb 0x2A9FDA0 v=76     batches 1   idx 90     span 180     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e105_eng_01_l(v76,i90)
+vb 0x2ACE840 v=60     batches 1   idx 90     span 180     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e105_wep_01_l(v60,i90)
+vb 0x2D1FEE8 v=119    batches 2   idx 246    span 492     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e106_bdy_01_l(v119,i246)
+vb 0x2D315D8 v=119    batches 2   idx 246    span 492     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e106_bdy_02_l(v119,i246)
+vb 0x2D492C4 v=146    batches 2   idx 324    span 648     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e106_bdy_03_l(v146,i324)
+vb 0x2D7363C v=179    batches 2   idx 399    span 798     gap 2        decpad 2       cover exact      e106_bdy_04_l(v179,i399)
+vb 0x2D7A418 v=51     batches 2   idx 126    span 252     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e106_brg_01_l(v51,i126)
+vb 0x2DB0CCC v=58     batches 2   idx 96     span 192     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e106_eng_01_l(v58,i96)
+vb 0x2DB632C v=44     batches 2   idx 72     span 144     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e106_eng_02_l(v44,i72)
+vb 0x2DC305C v=82     batches 2   idx 168    span 336     gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      e106_wep_02_01_l(v82,i168)
+vb 0x329077C v=6000   batches 1   idx 6000   span 12000   gap 0        decpad 0       cover exact      n006_02(v6000,i6000)
+vb 0x3434030 v=4      batches 1   idx 6      span 12      gap 24       decpad 24      cover exact      n301_02B(v4,i6)
+vb 0x3434090 v=4      batches 1   idx 6      span 12      gap 108      decpad 108     cover exact      n301_02B(v4,i6)
+vb 0x34340F0 v=4      batches 1   idx 6      span 12      gap 192      decpad 192     cover exact      n301_02B(v4,i6)
+
+placed 42 drawn buffers in this container
+DECODER layout assumption — whole index buffer at vb - 2*idx_count - pad:  pad 0 20 · pad 1..3 10 · elsewhere 12 · not decoded here 0
+index extent: our idx_count == sum of captured batches for 42 buffers, differs for 0
+vertex-pool coverage by the union of batches: exact 42 · short 0

docs/re/captures/throttle-curve-hud.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
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docs/re/captures/turn-law-pitch-phases.csv

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+roll_fast,3.865,-0.41609751831590275,0.29451533035891825,-0.8603043504684399
+roll_fast,3.915,-0.41609751831590275,0.29451533035891825,-0.8603043504684399
+roll_fast,3.965,-0.41609751831590275,0.29451533035891825,-0.8603043504684399

docs/re/challenge-mission-gate.md

@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+# Challenge / EX missions — the stage set, the GamePart graph, and the kind field
+
+**Status:** ✅ for the static structure (stage set, GamePart ids, the config-section
+switch) and for the **unlock mechanism** — a bit test against a *cleared-stage* mask,
+now **read live off the running game and matching the profile's progress exactly**
+(§5.6). 🟡 for the stage-field crash mechanism, for word B's writer, and for which
+mission consumes which bit; ❔ how the challenge menu is actually entered.
+**Method:** static analysis (`.pe` strings/pointers + DuckDB disassembly + disc
+records), then confirmed on the running title via the container-safe
+[`--hid=file` pad](../../../xenia-canary-native/src/xenia/hid/file/file_input_driver.h)
+and a live guest-memory read.
+**Evidence:** [`captures/challenge-map.txt`](captures/challenge-map.txt),
+[`captures/challenge-screen-config.txt`](captures/challenge-screen-config.txt),
+[`structures/achievements.md`](structures/achievements.md);
+`examples/challenge_map.rs`, `examples/challenge_screen.rs`.
+
+## Why this was worth doing
+
+The Route-B unit harvest is complete for the **story** campaign (68 of 110 units,
+7 115 defaulted-on-disc values) and stalled there: the remaining units are `*_EX4` /
+`*_EX5` / `*EX` variants that only the challenge missions field. The save's stage
+field addresses those stage records — but setting it to **27** boots to the title and
+then the emulator **exits during the load**, while 1–16 all load normally. This note
+answers *what the challenge missions are on disc* and *why the stage field alone is
+not enough*, so the next runtime attempt is targeted rather than another probe sweep.
+
+## 1. The disc has exactly 29 stage records, in three families ✅
+
+`StageResource` (schema `0x3c9ae32e`) in `dat/GP_MAIN_GAME_E.pak`:
+
+| ids | count | `BackGroundID` | reading |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `S01`–`S16` | 16 | Lebendorf … PD (real locations) | the **story** campaign |
+| `S18`–`S23` | 6 | `Original` (all six) | the **tutorial** missions |
+| `S24`–`S29` | 6 | Anastasis, Hargenteen ×2, Planet_Lebendorf, Lebendorf, Earth | the **challenge** missions |
+| `Test` | 1 | Earth | developer stage |
+
+`S17` does not exist. This **matches `weapon.tbl`'s sprite-key set exactly** —
+`stage01…16` + `tutorial01…06` + `challenge01…06` (recorded in
+[static screen config](#)) — which is an independent confirmation of the three-way
+split: 16 + 6 + 6 + Test = 29.
+
+The `Original` six carry ~43 tokens each while the story and challenge records carry
+51–59, consistent with tutorials having no squadron/route/formation tables.
+
+## 2. `GP_CHALLENGE.pak` is a screen, not mission data ✅
+
+151 entries, **0 IDXD objects** — sprites and layout only. So challenge missions are
+*not* a separate data set: they are ordinary `StageResource` records in
+`GP_MAIN_GAME_E.pak`, reached through a different menu. That is why the EX unit
+rosters show up in the same `EnumUnit_S<NN>` tables the story stages use.
+
+## 3. The GamePart id table — the game's whole screen graph ✅
+
+`.rdata` pointer array at **`0x820A1630`**, 29 entries, index = GamePart id:
+
+```
+ 0 GP_TITLE            10 GP_BUNK             20 GP_STAGE_CLEAR
+ 1 GP_ADVERTISE_DEMO   11 GP_READY_ROOM       21 GP_MISSION_LOG
+ 2 GP_SELECT_STORAGE   12 GP_HANGAR           22 GP_GAMEOVER
+ 3 GP_LOAD             13 GP_ARSENAL          23 GP_DEBRIEFING
+ 4 GP_SAVE             14 GP_PILOT_LOG        24 GP_DIALOG
+ 5 GP_EXTRAS           15 GP_SYSTEM           25 GP_TUTORIAL
+ 6 GP_MOVIE_THEATER    16 GP_DEMO            *26 GP_CHALLENGE
+ 7 GP_MISSION_SELECT   17 GP_MAIN_GAME        27 GP_LEADERBOARD
+ 8 GP_OPTIONS          18 GP_SELECTOR         28 GP_TEST
+ 9 GP_MOVIE            19 GP_PAUSE_MENU
+```
+
+The indices are **not inferred from position** — the image carries the factory
+registration text, e.g.
+`silph::GamePartTask::RegisterToFactory<26, class silph::GamePart_ChallengeMission>::RegisterToFactory is failed!`
+and `<10, … GamePart_Bunk>`, both of which agree with this table. So `GP_CHALLENGE`
+is GamePart **26** and `GP_TUTORIAL` is **25**.
+
+## 4. A mission-**kind** field selects the stage config section ✅
+
+Immediately before the array above, `0x820A1600`–`0x820A162C` holds the stage-config
+key list: `BASE_INFO`, `StageResource`, `Background`, `PlayerUnit`,
+`EQUIIP_LIMITATION` *(sic)*, `MODEL_PATH`, `NEW_ITEM`, `LOADING`, `CHALLENGE`,
+`EXTRA`, `FILE`.
+
+The stage loader picks **one of the last three** by a field at **`object + 144`**, and
+the same three-way switch appears at two independent sites (`0x82184df0` inside the
+all-keys config reader, and `0x82185ed0` in `sub_82185E80`):
+
+```asm
+lwz  r11, 144(r30)
+cmpi r11, 3          ; == 3          -> "EXTRA"     (0x820A2160)
+beq  extra
+addi r11, r11, -5
+cmpli r11, 1         ; == 5 or 6     -> "CHALLENGE" (0x820A2154)
+bgt  file            ; otherwise     -> "FILE"      (0x820A2168)
+```
+
+Two further sites (`0x82186a60`, `0x82186cb8`) classify the same field as
+`{3, 5, 6}` versus everything else — i.e. **EXTRA and CHALLENGE together are "not an
+ordinary story load"**. Every write to `+144` inside this class (`0x82184b10`,
+`0x82185d48`, `0x82186ab4`) only *clears* it, and nothing in the image stores an
+immediate 3/5/6 into it, so the kind is **supplied from outside the class** — by
+whichever GamePart launches the mission — not derived from the stage number.
+
+> ⚠️ **Withdrawn:** this section used to add "the field is initialised to 0 in the
+> constructor `sub_821783D8`, alongside `+148 = 0`, `+132 = 2`, `+136/+140 = -1`".
+> That linked two code regions on nothing more than both touching `+144`/`+148`, and
+> a snapshot **refutes it**: `sub_821783D8` initialises the **static** at
+> `0x828F3EC0` (its first act is `InitializeCriticalSection(obj, 256)`), and in an
+> in-flight snapshot that object's `+144` holds `0x000B1C8B` and `+592` a float —
+> not a kind and not flags. So **the object owning the kind field is unidentified**.
+> Scanning the snapshot for it (kind ∈ {0,3,5,6} at `+144`, stage at `+148`,
+> pointers at `+0`/`+52`/`+604`) returns only matches inside the executable's own
+> static data — `10` at `+148` is far too common to discriminate. The **switch
+> itself stands**: it is direct disassembly at two sites. Only the constructor
+> attribution was wrong.
+
+**Confirmed on screen instead:** launching a story stage from MISSION SELECT reaches
+a READY ROOM carrying an **"EXTRA" watermark**
+([capture](captures/ready-room-extra-mode.png)) — the `EXTRA` config section, i.e.
+kind **3**, visible in the UI. That is independent evidence the kind field means what
+§4 says, even though its owning object is not pinned.
+
+### 4.1 Why the stage-field probe crashes 🟡
+
+That gives a mechanism for the observed failure: patching the save's stage field to
+27 selects the `S27` **record** while the kind stays **0**, so the loader reads the
+`FILE` section for a stage whose config lives under `CHALLENGE`. A missing section
+then propagates into the load, and the title exits. It fits the evidence (1–16 fine,
+every 24–29 the same failure, `/dev/shm` empty and disk free, so not the resource
+trap) but it is **not proven** — proving it needs a run.
+
+**Cheap untried discriminator, no new tooling:** patch the stage field to **18–23**
+(the tutorials). If those also die, the failure tracks "record outside the story
+range", and the kind field is the likely gate. It has never been tested — only
+1–16 and 24–29 were.
+
+## 5. The challenge screen, its six missions, and the unlock gate ✅
+
+The factory registration sites (`0x8280C000`–`0x8280F800`) give **id → creator** for
+22 of the 24 registered parts, and the creators bound each class's code block. So
+`GamePart_ChallengeMission`'s methods are **`0x82187E60`–`0x8218CF10`** (between
+`GP_BUNK`'s creator `0x82187E38` and its own `0x8218CF10`). Resolving every string
+that range references gives the screen's whole config schema:
+
+```
+MISSIONS · MISSION_ID · RECORD_TYPE · REQUIREMENT · REQUIREMENT_DESC
+NORMAL_BUTTON · GRAY_BUTTON · THUMBNAIL · STAGE_DESC · TEXT_STAGE
+TEXT_RECORD · NEW_STAGE · "Always" · "Time" · BASE_INFO
+```
+
+**The record itself is on disc**, in `tables.pak` (schema `54a10697`, one copy per
+language — English is entry #64), *not* in `GP_CHALLENGE.pak`. It names six missions:
+
+| slot | `MISSION_ID` | buttons / thumbnail | record |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 1 | `TimeAttack` | `Button_TimeAttack{,_Gray}`, `Thumbnail_TimeAttack` | `Time` |
+| 2 | `ScoreAttack` | `Button_ScoreAttack{,_Gray}` | `Points` |
+| 3–6 | `Extra01`…`Extra04` | `Button_Extra0N{,_Gray}` | — |
+
+`GRAY_BUTTON` is the locked art, `NORMAL_BUTTON` the unlocked art — so the screen
+always shows all six and greys out what you have not earned. Full dump:
+[`captures/challenge-screen-config.txt`](captures/challenge-screen-config.txt).
+
+### 5.1 The gate is a bit test against a progress bitfield ✅
+
+`0x82189870` builds the list, and `0x82189970`–`0x821899D8` is the availability
+decision for each mission:
+
+```asm
+lookup REQUIREMENT in the mission record        ; bl 0x82448C50
+  absent            -> AVAILABLE
+  == "Always"       -> AVAILABLE                ; strcmp, bl 0x825EDD20
+  else n = atoi(v)                              ; bl 0x825EDCD0
+     n == 0         -> LOCKED
+     n <  24        -> bit n      of word A
+     n >= 24        -> bit (n-24) of word B
+     bit set ? AVAILABLE : LOCKED
+```
+
+Word A and word B are read from a **singleton** (`0x821707C0`; the object pointer
+lives at the global `0x828F48B0`, with a construct-once flag at `0x828F48BC`) at
+offsets **`+80`** and **`+1956`**. So challenge
+availability is one bit in a progress bitfield, and `REQUIREMENT` is that bit's index
+— **not** a stage number, a score, or a difficulty.
+
+### 5.2 The bit space is CLEARED STAGES ✅
+
+Word A has exactly **one** writer in the image, and finding it settles the question.
+Scanning all 22 callers of the `+80` struct copier (`0x82175110`) for one that stores
+to the copy's **word 0** gives a single hit, `0x821C1820`, inside
+**`GamePart_StageClear`** (`0x821C09D8`–`0x821C29F0`):
+
+```asm
+if (this+1004 & 0x20000) skip            ; already recorded
+this+80 = 1
+copy   local = singleton->progress        ; bl 0x82175110, src = obj+80
+x      = this+84
+local.word0 |= 1 << x                     ; slw r10, r26, r10
+if changed: singleton->set(local)         ; bl 0x8216FF70 (assign + async persist)
+```
+
+**`this+84` is the stage number**, and two independent uses prove it:
+
+- `0x821C1760` indexes a **20-byte record array** with it — `this + (x+7)*20`, whose
+  records are written as three words plus an 8-byte timestamp, i.e. the shape of the
+  savegame's 16×20-byte `SHAB` table;
+- `0x821C1EEC` and `0x821C1924` pass it as the **index into the config key `STAGE`**
+  (`0x820A2540`) — the debriefing config's `px_deb_stage01…16` sprite list.
+
+So **word A is a "stage cleared" bitmask**, and a challenge mission's `REQUIREMENT n`
+means **"stage `n` has been cleared"**. The `< 24` / `>= 24` split then lines up with
+the disc's own stage numbering from §1: story `1`–`16` and tutorial `18`–`23` sit in
+word A, and the challenge stages `24`–`29` are exactly word B's bits `0`–`5`.
+
+> ⚠️ **Third revision of this claim — the first two were wrong, and how they went
+> wrong is worth keeping.** An earlier pass read the split at 24 as "the game's 24
+> achievements" because `ACHIEVEMENTS_REQUIREMENTS` has exactly 24 entries. That is a
+> **coincidence**: the achievement count and the first challenge stage id are both 24
+> for unrelated reasons. The achievement work itself stands — the `XACH` table, the
+> 1000G self-check, and the `XACHIEVEMENT_DETAILS`/XAM enumeration are all solid, and
+> are documented in [structures/achievements.md](structures/achievements.md) — it just
+> **does not gate the challenge missions**. The lesson: a numeric coincidence is not a
+> join; find the writer.
+
+### 5.3 What the six requirement values are ✅/🟡
+
+The record's numeric tokens are `16`, `25`, `26`, `27`, `29`, with `24`/`28` already
+in the pool earlier (they double as font metrics) and so **deduped away** if used.
+IDXD dedup makes positional key/value pairing unsound in general — but `16` sits
+*immediately* before `REQUIREMENT` (tokens 96 → 97), the documented value-before-key
+adjacency, so the first mission's value is well-supported.
+
+**`TimeAttack` requires stage 16 cleared** — the final story mission. That is the
+natural gate, and it is what the *first* reading of these numbers suggested before the
+achievement detour talked me out of it.
+
+The other five values are `≥ 24`, i.e. **challenge stages 24–29**: the challenge
+missions chain off each other. 🟡 on the exact pairing (which mission needs which),
+which needs the record's binary index section rather than the string pool.
+
+🟡 **Word B has no known writer.** `GamePart_StageClear` sets `1 << x` into word A
+unconditionally, which for a challenge stage (`x ≥ 24`) would land on word A bits
+24–29, *not* word B — so clearing a challenge mission must be recorded by a different
+path, presumably one that also stores its `Time`/`Points` record. Not yet found.
+
+**Negative worth keeping:** the requirement *text* (`TimeAttackRequirement`,
+`Extra01Requirement`, …) is **not** in `GP_CHALLENGE.pak` — building a `TextIndex`
+over it yields **0 entries** and its only wordy payload is embedded font copyright.
+The config's `PATH` is `dat\GP_CHALLENGE.pak+eng\`, a per-language branch, so those
+keys resolve through a naming scheme the current loader does not reproduce. Reading
+them would say in plain English what each mission asks for — worth one more attempt
+via `hash::TOC_NAME_SCHEMES`.
+
+### 5.4 Where the mask lives, and one lead refuted
+
+### 5.5 Both gate words are one record — and it is **not** the savegame ✅
+
+`0x82175110` copies the record at singleton `+80` in full: two words, an 8-byte pair, a
+184-byte `memcpy`, 8 words from `+200`, then **816 bytes at `+232`, 816 more at
+`+1048`**, a sub-object at `+1864`, and a final word at **`+1876`**. So the record runs
+`+0 … ~+1880`, i.e. singleton `+80 … +1960` — which means
+
+- **word A** is record `+0` (singleton `+80`), and
+- **word B is record `+1876`** (singleton `+1956`).
+
+That answers §5.3's "word B has no known writer": there is no separate `stw` because
+the whole record is copied out, modified and assigned back as a unit
+(`0x8216FF70` → compare `0x822C3708`, assign `0x82170650`, then spawn a worker
+`0x821700A8` under a lock which retries a commit `0x822C33B8` up to five times).
+`GamePart_Debriefing` uses the same get/modify/set to accumulate saturating career
+counters at `+200`…`+224` (the last 64-bit) — the quantities the achievement
+requirements test.
+
+**And the record is not what `savedata` holds.** Two independent checks:
+
+- **Size.** Every real save on disk is a **276-byte** container deflating to a
+  **545-byte** payload. The progress record is **~1 880 bytes**. It does not fit.
+- **Files.** After many sessions the game's content tree holds only
+  `game0N/savedata` + `game0N/__thumbnail.png` per slot and the three
+  `Headers/*.header` — no second data file anywhere.
+
+Also checked and negative: the savegame object is `*(*(this+4)) + 304`, and the
+singleton's holder address (`0x828F48B0`) is referenced **nowhere but inside the
+accessor itself**, so `this+4` is a different holder — the save block is not a window
+into this record.
+
+⚠️ **So hand-editing a save cannot unlock the challenge missions.** That kills the
+operational hope this section previously carried; the earlier savegame-editing win
+does not extend here.
+
+### 5.6 CONFIRMED ON THE RUNNING GAME ✅
+
+Read live from a booted title (`tools/re-capture/gpoke.py r32`):
+
+```
+0x828F40C0 = 0x00000002      word A
+0x828F4814 = 0x00000000      word B
+```
+
+**Word A = 2 = bit 1 set.** The profile's save is *Stage 02, "At Standby"* — i.e.
+**stage 01 cleared** — so the mask is exactly one bit, at the index of the one
+cleared stage, **1-based**. Reproduced on two separate cold boots. That confirms, on
+the running game and against a known progress state:
+
+- the singleton really is the static object at `0x828F4070`;
+- word A is a **cleared-stage bitmask**, not achievements, not a stage number;
+- bit index = **stage id, 1-based** — so `TimeAttack`'s `REQUIREMENT 16` is
+  "clear stage 16", the last story mission;
+- word B is the challenge half and is `0` on a story-only profile, as expected.
+
+Both words were then poked (`0xFFFFFFFF` / `0x3F`) and read back OK.
+
+**MISSION SELECT shows the mask directly** ([capture](captures/mission-select-stage01-only.png)).
+With word A = 2 the screen lists `Stage01` **selectable, with a High Score and Best
+Time**, and `Stage02`–`Stage08` **greyed out**. One cleared stage, one selectable
+entry, at the bit index that names it — the semantics are visible on screen, not
+inferred.
+
+**And the mask drives that screen.** Two runs, identical navigation, fresh boot each:
+
+| run | word A | MISSION SELECT |
+|---|---|---|
+| control | `0x00000002` (untouched) | opens; Stage01 selectable, rest greyed |
+| poked | `0xFFFFFFFF` | `MmAllocatePhysicalMemoryEx` fails on a 128 MB request, guest throws, Xenia shows "Disc Read Error" |
+
+So the earlier failure was **caused by the poke**, and by a careless one: `0xFFFFFFFF`
+claims stages that do not exist (`0`, `17`, `24`–`31` in word A). Poking only real
+story ids (`0x0001FFFE` = stages 1–16) does **not** blow the heap. That the list
+screen changes behaviour with the mask is itself confirmation that word A feeds it.
+
+**Poking real stage ids unlocks the story campaign in the menu** ✅. With word A =
+`0x0001FFFE` (stages 1–16) every entry `Stage01`…`Stage16` is selectable
+([capture](captures/mission-select-all-story-unlocked.png)) where the control had only
+`Stage01`; `Stage16` reads *"Lonely Blue Planet — NO RECORD"*. So **any story stage
+can now be launched from the menu**, with no save editing, by poking one word.
+
+**But MISSION SELECT is story-only** ❌. With word B = `0x3F` (challenge stages 24–29
+marked cleared) the list still **saturates at `Stage16`**
+([capture](captures/mission-select-ends-at-stage16.png)) — the cursor stops there and
+further presses do nothing. That matches the data: the debriefing config declares
+exactly `px_deb_stage01…16`, so the list length is capped by the disc, not by the
+mask. **The challenge missions cannot be reached through this screen**, and word B
+does not feed it.
+
+**What the poke did not do (yet):** `EXTRAS` still shows only `MISSION SELECT /
+MOVIE THEATER / BACK` — no challenge entry — although the menu was built 26 s
+*after* the poke, so this is not staleness. Entering `MISSION SELECT` then failed,
+and the log gives the real reason: **`MmAllocatePhysicalMemoryEx` could not satisfy
+a 128 MB request** (`parent free 30633/131072 pages`), the guest threw a C++
+exception, and Xenia surfaced it as its generic *"Disc Read Error"* dialog. It is
+preceded by `BaseHeap::Release failed because address is not a region start`, a
+failed release that leaks the range. So that is an emulator/heap problem on the way
+into the screen, **not** evidence about the gate. Open: repeat without the poke to
+see whether `MISSION SELECT` fails the same way regardless.
+
+### 5.7 What *would* work — static addresses for a live write
+
+The singleton is a **static object at `0x828F4070`** (`0x8216F650`:
+`addis 0x828F` + `addi …, 16496`), with the holder at `0x828F48B0` pointing at it. So
+the two gate words are at fixed guest addresses, no scanning required:
+
+| word | guest VA | meaning |
+|---|---|---|
+| A | **`0x828F40C0`** | cleared stages, bit = stage id (`< 24`) |
+| B | **`0x828F4814`** | cleared stages, bit = stage id − 24 (challenge 24–29) |
+
+Canary maps guest RAM into `/dev/shm`, which the project already reads live
+([`tools/re-capture/gmem.py`](../../tools/re-capture/gmem.py)). Writing
+`0xFFFF` into word A and `0x3F` into word B while the title sits on a menu should
+open all six challenge missions **without playing the campaign** — and that is the
+route to the last 42 `*_EX4`/`*_EX5` units. Untested: it needs a run, and the run
+needs gamepad input to reach the menu.
+
+**The obvious lead is dead.** The three `stw`s to `+1956` in `0x822AF278` /
+`sub_822C8748` looked promising because they sit in the save serializer's code region
+— they are on a **different object**. That one is fetched through `0x822CEB30`, has a
+`+2652` flag the code checks first, and stores **string pointers** at `+1956`/`+2024`
+(built by `0x822D35F8`); a pointer `AND`ed with `1 << n` would be meaningless as a
+gate. So **nothing in the image stores to this singleton's `+1956` field-wise**, which
+means it is filled by a bulk copy or by a path not yet found.
+
+Two candidates remain and they need different levers: the **save** (hand-write it) or
+the **Xbox profile** (the emulator's profile data). Note that XEX imports are resolved
+**by ordinal**, so the absence of `XamUser*` name strings in the `.pe` is not evidence
+against the profile route. `+80` at least is handled as a small struct by address
+(`addi r4, obj, 80` → copy helper `0x82175110`, written back via `0x8216FF70`), which
+is what a serialised value object looks like.
+
+### 5.8 The part id is never persisted — differential search ✅ (negative)
+
+`sub_821749C0` creates a part from `slot+12`, and no literal 26 exists anywhere, so
+the id is computed. It can still be found by **differential search**, because the id
+is *known* at each screen from §3: `GP_EXTRAS` = 5, `GP_MISSION_SELECT` = 7. Snapshot
+both screens and intersect (`tools/re-capture/diff_words.py`):
+
+```
+scanned 171 MB of allocated guest memory
+addresses reading 5 on EXTRAS and 7 on MISSION SELECT: 4
+   0x708FFBEC  0x708FFCBC  0x708FFDAC  0x708FFE20
+```
+
+**All four are guest stack** (thread stacks sit at `0x709…` in the same run's log).
+So the requested part id exists only as a **stack argument in flight** — there is no
+persistent field holding it, which is consistent with finding no literal store and
+means **there is nothing stable to poke**. Forcing a transition to GamePart 26 needs
+the caller's context, i.e. an emulator-side hook rather than a memory write.
+
+**Every memory-and-menu route to the challenge missions is now closed** (§5.4, §5.6,
+§5.7, this section). What remains is the genuine in-game unlock — an in-mission
+attainment, per `AVSCRIPT_COMMAND_ATTAINMENT_CHALLENGE_MISSION_CARGO_SCORE` — or a
+Canary patch that forces the transition in emulator code.
+
+## 6. The unlock condition, from the strings ❔
+
+Three strings say challenge missions are *announced*, not menu-browsed:
+
+- `AVSCRIPT_COMMAND_ATTAINMENT_CHALLENGE_MISSION_CARGO_SCORE` — a mission-script
+  command that grants challenge-mission attainment from a **cargo score**;
+- `DLG_CHALLENGE_MISSION_AVAILABLE` — the "a challenge mission is now available"
+  dialog;
+- `DLG_GO_CHALLENGE_MISSION_MENU` — the prompt that takes you to GamePart 26.
+
+So the gate is plausibly an in-mission achievement, not a title-menu state — which is
+consistent with `Game Status = GAME_CLEAR` unlocking nothing (measured, refuted).
+Neither dialog key is reachable by xref: they are selected **by index** through a
+config lookup, exactly like the save screen's sprite keys, so there is nothing to
+grep back to. Naming the flag needs the challenge-availability check disassembled
+from the screen side.
+
+## 7. What this makes actionable
+
+`roster_target` against the harvested CSV, with the stage families now named:
+
+| stage | family | roster units not yet read |
+|---|---|---|
+| `S27` | challenge | `f003_ArrowHead_EX4`, `e107_AAFrigate_EX4`, `e010_Attacker_S_EX4`, `e011_Attacker_B_EX4`, `e007_Turret_EX4`, `e008_TurretPlus_EX4` |
+| `S28` | challenge | `f004_DeltaSaber_A_Player`, `f001_DeltaSaber_T_EX5(_el)`, `f003_ArrowHead_EX5`, `f104_Battleship_EX5`, `f105_Cruiser_EX5` |
+| `S25` | challenge | `e101_SDBattleshipEX`, `e102_BattleshipEX`, `e105_CruiserEX`, `e108_ASFrigateEX` |
+| `S29` | challenge | `e101_SDBattleshipEX`, `e102_BattleshipEX`, `e105_CruiserEX` |
+| `S24` | challenge | `e105_CruiserEX`, `e106_DestroyerEX` |
+| `S10` | **story** | `e005_ADAN_ElanTypeQ_Margras` |
+
+⚠️ **The `S10` row contradicts "the story campaign is complete."** One story stage
+still fields a unit that has never been read. Either `S10` was never flown (it is the
+smallest stage container on the disc — 7 XBG7 resources — so it may be a cutscene
+stage that is not flyable), or the completeness claim was one unit optimistic. Flagged
+rather than resolved: it costs one ordinary story run to settle.
+
+Remaining coverage: 42 units missing, of which the rosters above account for ~23. The
+rest are not in any stage roster table and need a different lever.
+
+## Reproduce
+
+```bash
+cargo run --release -q -p sylpheed-formats --example challenge_map    -- <disc-root>
+cargo run --release -q -p sylpheed-formats --example challenge_screen -- <disc-root>
+python3 xenia-rs/zq.py dis 0x82184df0 0x82184e30      # the three-way section switch
+python3 xenia-rs/zq.py dis 0x82185ed0 0x82185f10      # the same switch, second site
+python3 xenia-rs/zq.py dis 0x82189860 0x821899f0      # the challenge availability gate
+```

docs/re/flight-speed-law.md

@@ -0,0 +1,738 @@
+# The throttle is a TARGET-SPEED selector — measured against the definition (2026-08-13)
+
+**Status: ✅ for the shape of the law, 🟡 for the unit scale.**
+
+The unit definition gives `MinimumVelocity 100`, `CruisingVelocity 350`,
+`MaximumVelocity 1200`, `Acceleration 600` and `Deceleration 500` for
+`UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_Player` ([values](captures/unit-runtime-fields.csv)),
+but not **how** the game applies them. This measures it.
+
+Method — [`tools/re-capture/speed_law.py`](../../tools/re-capture/speed_law.py):
+lock onto the player entity once, then sample its own position triple in guest RAM
+while holding each throttle input in turn (8 s per phase, 20 Hz). Speed is
+differentiated over **1-second windows**, never per sample.
+
+## Result
+
+| phase | measured speed (1 s windows) | settles to | definition field |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| no throttle | 367 403 471 365 463 463 365 | **~420** | `CruisingVelocity` 350 |
+| `RT` held | 1041 1376 1551 1379 1596 1510 1620 | **~1 530** | `MaximumVelocity` 1200 |
+| release | 1314 672 432 452 432 450 408 | back to **~440** | — |
+| `LT` held | 203 121 135 121 115 146 122 | **~125** | `MinimumVelocity` 100 |
+| release | 369 451 427 425 445 390 465 | back to **~430** | — |
+
+So the throttle **selects a target speed** and the craft converges to it; releasing
+either trigger returns it to cruise. (**Refined below**: the trigger is analogue, so
+the target is a continuous interpolation and these three are its endpoints.) It is not a
+force model with the throttle adding thrust, which is what a reimplementation would
+most likely have assumed from `Acceleration`/`Deceleration` alone. Those two fields
+govern the **convergence rate**: the release phase falls ~1 314 → ~432 in about two
+seconds (~440 units/s², against `Deceleration` 500) and the `RT` phase climbs ~420 →
+~1 550 in two to three seconds (~470–560 units/s², against `Acceleration` 600).
+
+## 🟡 The unit scale
+
+Measured world-space speeds run **≈1.2–1.3× the definition numbers** in all three
+regimes (cruise 1.21, maximum 1.28, minimum 1.32). The HUD, meanwhile, reads
+**350** at cruise — the definition value exactly. So the definition's velocity unit
+is the HUD's, and entity world coordinates are a constant multiple of it, close to
+**1.25**. The spread across regimes is larger than the constant itself is precise,
+because the craft is manoeuvring under fire while sampled (straight-line
+displacement per window under-reads a curving path), so this is recorded as a
+measured range rather than a pinned constant.
+
+## Traps
+
+* **`RT`/`LT` are analogue triggers**, so `vgamepad trig RT 1.0` holds the throttle;
+  the button verb `hold RT` is a **silent no-op**. The first run of this probe
+  measured the drift of a craft nobody was flying.
+* **Do not differentiate per sample.** The guest updates the position slower than
+  20 Hz, so per-sample differences alternate between 0 and a double step —
+  `0, 1519, 1985, 0, 2681…` for a craft flying smoothly.
+* **Bind late, measure fast.** The player entity is not in the typed-entity scan
+  for the first ~15 s of a mission, and the craft dies within a few minutes if
+  nobody is flying it — one earlier attempt ended at `GAME OVER` mid-probe.
+
+Raw samples: [`captures/speed-law-throttle-phases.csv`](captures/speed-law-throttle-phases.csv).
+
+---
+
+# Turn rates: `AV_*` are rate caps, and `_Min`/`_Max` mean *at minimum/maximum speed*
+
+`tools/re-capture/turn_law.py` pins the speed regime with a throttle, holds a stick
+axis, and differentiates the craft's **own forward vector** over 1-second windows.
+
+**Control mapping, measured** — `LX` is **roll** (the forward vector barely moves
+under it: 3–5 °/s residual), `LY` is **pitch** (`vgamepad` documents `LY: -1 = up`,
+so `+1` is nose down = the `PitchMinus` family), and the **right stick does not
+steer at all** (0 °/s).
+
+| phase | measured (1 s windows) | definition |
+|---|---|---|
+| slow + nose down | 85 · 96 · 82 → **~87** | `AV_PitchMinus_Min` **75** |
+| fast + nose down | 55 · 45 · 63 → **~54** | `AV_PitchMinus_Max` **40** |
+| slow + nose up | 181 · 164 · 181 → **~175** | `AV_PitchPlus_Min` **150** |
+| fast + nose up | 103 · 130 · 175 → **~136** | `AV_PitchPlus_Max` **70** |
+
+Two claims of the field names are confirmed:
+
+* **Agility falls with speed** — every rate drops when the throttle goes from `LT`
+  to `RT`, so `_Min`/`_Max` are *at minimum / maximum speed*, not floor/ceiling of
+  the rate.
+* **Pitching up is about twice as fast as pitching down**, exactly as the pair
+  150/75 (slow) and 70/40 (fast) says.
+
+## The ~1.2× factor — ⚠️ WITHDRAWN, see "Settled rates match exactly" below
+
+The speed law measured 1.21 / 1.28 / 1.32 × its definition values; the pitch rates
+measure 1.16 / 1.35 / 1.17 / 1.94 × theirs. A **unit scale** would have to differ
+between metres-per-second and degrees-per-second — it cannot explain both. A **time
+base** does: if the guest's simulated second is shorter than the wall-clock second
+this probe measures against, every rate reads high by the same factor. So the
+definition numbers are self-consistent and a reimplementation should take them at
+face value; these measurements confirm the **shape** of the law (which field governs
+what, and how the regimes switch), not a scale correction.
+
+🟡 **No yaw input was found.** `AV_Yaw_{Min,Max}` (45 / 25 °/s) exists, but neither
+stick yaws the craft. With `MaximumBank_Normal` (60) and roll on `LX`, a
+**bank-to-turn** model is the obvious reading — sustained turns come from rolling and
+pitching — but the yaw fields may equally belong to the AI or to an input this probe
+has not driven.
+
+Raw samples: [`captures/turn-law-pitch-phases.csv`](captures/turn-law-pitch-phases.csv).
+
+---
+
+# The afterburner is not on the obvious buttons — a bounded negative
+
+The definition describes the burner without naming its input: `AB_ConsumeShield_Begin`
+**50**, `AB_ConsumeShield` **10**, and a set of `AB_AV_*` turn caps far below the
+normal ones (roll 40 vs 125–200 °/s, pitch-up 30 vs 70–150). Notably there is **no
+`AB_*Velocity`**, so the burner may not raise the speed target at all.
+
+Two independent probes, both negative for `A`, `B`, `X`, `LB` (and `LS`/`RS` on the
+first):
+
+* [`tools/re-capture/ab_probe.py`](../../tools/re-capture/ab_probe.py) — hold `RT`
+  for a max-speed baseline, then hold each candidate: speed stayed inside the
+  baseline's own noise band (1 200–1 580 units/s) for every one.
+* [`tools/re-capture/ab_state_probe.py`](../../tools/re-capture/ab_state_probe.py) —
+  sample a window of the player object while each candidate is held and report any
+  float that falls during the hold: **nothing fell**.
+* And the cheapest oracle of the three, needing no offsets at all: **count the green
+  pixels of the HUD's SHIELD bar** before and after each hold, on a freshly spawned
+  craft with a full shield. `AB_ConsumeShield_Begin 50` should take a visible bite;
+  the bar read **156, 156, 156, 157, 157** across baseline and all four buttons.
+
+So the burner is **not a simple hold on `A`/`B`/`X`/`LB`/`LS`/`RS`**. What remains:
+a chord (something plus `RT`), an input this pad cannot reach, a craft variant that
+has it, or fields that belong to the AI rather than the player. Worth knowing before
+anyone re-probes the obvious buttons.
+
+(`RB` is the nose gun, `Y` the missile mount and the d-pad the tactical map — see
+[flight controls](flight-controls-runtime.md) — so those were not held here.)
+
+---
+
+# The throttle is ANALOGUE: the target speed interpolates cruise → maximum
+
+`RT` is an analogue trigger, so "held" was only ever one point on a curve. Walking
+it in five steps ([`tools/re-capture/throttle_curve.py`](../../tools/re-capture/throttle_curve.py),
+2.5 s to converge then 5 s of sampling per step):
+
+| `RT` | settled speed (1 s windows) | mean |
+|---|---|---|
+| 0.00 | 465 · 411 · 373 · 504 | **438** |
+| 0.25 | 648 · 554 · 678 · 622 | **626** |
+| 0.50 | 739 · 961 · 897 · 919 | **879** |
+| 0.75 | 1028 · 1086 · 977 · 1283 | **1094** |
+| 1.00 | 1359 · 1306 · 1517 · 1186 | **1342** |
+
+A straight ramp. Dividing by the ~1.2 time-base factor established above, the
+endpoints land on the definition's own numbers — 438/1.2 ≈ **365** against
+`CruisingVelocity` **350**, and 1342/1.2 ≈ **1118** against `MaximumVelocity`
+**1200** — and the midpoint follows: 879/1.2 ≈ 733 against the predicted
+350 + 0.5·(1200−350) = 775. So
+
+```
+target speed = CruisingVelocity + RT · (MaximumVelocity − CruisingVelocity)
+```
+
+and `LT` mirrors it down to `MinimumVelocity` — **measured**, see below.
+
+**This also refutes a live hypothesis about the afterburner.** Full `RT` producing
+more than `MaximumVelocity` looked like it might *be* the burner; it is not — the
+curve is smooth through full deflection, with no step, and the shield does not move.
+Full throttle is simply full throttle.
+
+Raw samples: [`captures/throttle-curve-rt.csv`](captures/throttle-curve-rt.csv).
+
+(The entity scan that locks onto the player searches *changing* position triples, so
+it only sees the craft while it still has speed — bind early, or a mission left
+idling drops out of the scan entirely and every tool reports "player entity not
+found" while the game is visibly flying.)
+
+---
+
+# `LT` mirrors `RT`, and roll does NOT depend on speed
+
+One flight, both measurements
+([`tools/re-capture/flight_law2.py`](../../tools/re-capture/flight_law2.py)).
+
+## The braking half of the curve
+
+| `LT` | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| speed | 436 | 379 | 289 | 209 | **126** |
+
+A straight ramp down from cruise to ~126, and dividing by the ~1.2 time-base factor
+the endpoints are the definition's own numbers again — 363 against
+`CruisingVelocity` **350** and 105 against `MinimumVelocity` **100**. So the throttle
+law is symmetric:
+
+```
+RT held:  target = Cruising + RT · (Maximum − Cruising)
+LT held:  target = Cruising − LT · (Cruising − Minimum)
+```
+
+## Roll
+
+Roll turns the craft about its own forward axis, so it has to be measured on a
+different row of the rotation matrix than pitch was:
+
+| phase | rate per 1 s window | mean |
+|---|---|---|
+| minimum speed + full roll | 171 · 103 · 157 | **~144 °/s** |
+| maximum speed + full roll | 140 · 145 · 164 | **~150 °/s** |
+
+**Roll shows no speed dependence** — the two regimes agree inside the noise, where
+pitch dropped by a third to a half between them. Against the definition
+(`AV_Roll_Min` 200, `AV_Roll_Max` 125) the measured ~145 °/s is ~121 after the
+time-base factor, i.e. **the `Max` value in both regimes**.
+
+So the `_Min`/`_Max` pair does *not* mean the same thing for every axis: pitch
+interpolates between them with speed, roll appears pinned at `Max`. A
+reimplementation that applies one rule to all axes would get roll wrong at low
+speed by ~60 %.
+
+🟡 Caveat kept: the roll phases were 2 s of settling apart, which is marginal for a
+full 126 → 1 342 speed change, so "no dependence" is a measurement over a real but
+not perfectly separated pair of regimes.
+
+Raw samples: [`captures/throttle-curve-lt.csv`](captures/throttle-curve-lt.csv) ·
+[`captures/turn-law-roll.csv`](captures/turn-law-roll.csv).
+
+---
+
+# ⚠️ Settled rates match the definition EXACTLY — the "time base" reading is withdrawn
+
+The earlier turn measurements settled each phase for 1.5 s and then differentiated
+from the first second. Re-running with **5 s of settle** and the craft's speed
+recorded *at the moment the turn starts*
+([`tools/re-capture/flight_law3.py`](../../tools/re-capture/flight_law3.py)):
+
+| phase | speed at turn | measured rate | definition |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| pitch, minimum speed | 130 /s | **74.9 °/s** | `AV_PitchMinus_Min` **75** |
+| pitch, half throttle | 388 /s | 73.7 °/s | (between, see below) |
+| pitch, maximum speed | 1 821 /s | **41.1 °/s** | `AV_PitchMinus_Max` **40** |
+| roll, minimum speed | 110 /s | 129.5 °/s | `AV_Roll_Min` 200 |
+| roll, maximum speed | 1 722 /s | 149.3 °/s | `AV_Roll_Max` 125 |
+
+**Pitch lands on 75 and 40 — the definition's own numbers, with no scale factor.**
+So the ~1.2× I attributed to the emulated time base was an artefact of measuring
+during the `AA_*` acceleration ramp with too little settle, and that explanation is
+**withdrawn**: angular rates need no correction, and a reimplementation should use
+`AV_*` verbatim.
+
+What remains unexplained is only on the **linear** side: settled speeds still read
+high and vary between runs (`RT` full measured 1 342 in one flight and 1 821 in
+another, against `MaximumVelocity` 1 200), which is what a craft being shoved around
+in a firefight looks like. The HUD, meanwhile, reads exactly `CruisingVelocity` at
+neutral throttle. A clean linear measurement wants a quiet corner of a map, not this
+one — until then, no cause is claimed.
+
+**Roll, re-measured with proper settles, confirms the axis difference**: 129.5 at
+110 /s and 149.3 at 1 722 /s — no speed dependence, both near `AV_Roll_Max` **125**,
+where pitch moved 75 → 40 across the same range. The mid-throttle pitch point does
+not discriminate lerp-versus-switch, because at half throttle the craft only reached
+388 /s, where an interpolation would predict ~66 °/s against a measured 73.7 — inside
+this probe's noise.
+
+Raw samples: [`captures/turn-law-settled.csv`](captures/turn-law-settled.csv).
+
+---
+
+# The linear discrepancy is real, and it is between WORLD units and DISPLAYED speed
+
+Last section removed the "time base" explanation by showing settled *angular* rates
+match the definition exactly. That leaves the linear side, and the HUD settles it:
+screenshotting the speed readout at each throttle step, next to the position-derived
+measurement of the same moment
+([`captures/throttle-curve-hud.csv`](captures/throttle-curve-hud.csv)):
+
+| `RT` | HUD readout | position-derived | ratio |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 0.00 | **350** (= `CruisingVelocity`) | ~447 | 1.28 |
+| 0.25 | **507** | ~652 | 1.29 |
+| 0.75 | **963** | ~1 141 | 1.19 |
+
+Two things follow.
+
+* **The HUD speaks the definition's language.** It reads exactly `CruisingVelocity`
+  at neutral and climbs toward `MaximumVelocity` as the trigger is pressed — 963 at
+  three-quarters, against the 987 the interpolation predicts. So the throttle law
+  stated above is confirmed in the game's *own* units, independent of any position
+  sampling.
+* **World displacement runs ~1.2× the displayed speed.** Since the angular rates
+  need no such factor, this is not a clock effect: it is a **unit difference between
+  the position triple and the velocity fields**. A reimplementation that places
+  entities in world coordinates and moves them at `MaximumVelocity` will be ~20 %
+  slow.
+
+🟡 The ratio is 1.19–1.29 across the three points rather than a clean constant, and
+every sample was taken in a firefight where the craft is also being pushed. Pinning
+it exactly wants a quiet map or a scripted straight run; the *existence and rough
+size* of the factor is what these measurements support.
+
+**A methodological note worth keeping.** This line of work went: hold a trigger →
+"three target speeds" → analogue interpolation → an unexplained 1.2× → "time base"
+→ withdrawn → a *unit* difference confined to the linear side. Every step came from
+one of two moves: **let a held input vary** (the trigger's analogue range), or
+**bring in an independent oracle** (the HUD, the definitions, a longer settle). The
+wrong turn — the time base — came from explaining a number instead of first
+measuring the same quantity a second, cleaner way.
+
+---
+
+# ✅ The linear factor IS the clock — measured against the game's own mission timer
+
+The cleanest possible version of the linear measurement: neutral throttle (HUD reads
+exactly `CruisingVelocity` 350), sticks centred, **20 s of perfectly straight flight**
+(`straightness = displacement/path = 1.000`, so no manoeuvring contaminates it) —
+[`tools/re-capture/cruise_ratio.py`](../../tools/re-capture/cruise_ratio.py):
+
+```
+displacement 8 900 world units in 20.1 s  ->  443.6 /s
+ratio vs the HUD's 350                    ->  1.267
+```
+
+And the game's **own clock**, read off the HUD across a wall-clock interval:
+
+```
+mission TIME 00:08.79 -> 00:46.97   =  38.18 s of game time
+wall clock                          =  30.29 s
+ratio                               =  1.260
+```
+
+**1.260 against 1.267 — the same number.** So the linear "discrepancy" was never a
+unit difference: **the mission clock runs ~1.26× faster than wall time under this
+emulator**, and a speed derived by dividing world displacement by *wall* seconds is
+inflated by exactly that. World units and the displayed speed share one unit, and a
+reimplementation should take `CruisingVelocity`/`MaximumVelocity` at face value —
+per **game** second.
+
+This supersedes the previous section's "world-unit vs displayed-speed difference".
+
+❔ **One thing does not fit, and is left open.** The settled turn rates measured
+74.9 and 41.1 °/s *in wall time* against `AV_PitchMinus_{Min,Max}` 75/40 — but if
+game time runs 1.26× fast, a 75 °/game-second cap should have read ~94 °/wall-second.
+Either that agreement was luck inside a noisy sample (the per-window rates spanned
+61–96), or angular integration is frame-based where linear is time-based. The check:
+re-measure pitch and convert wall→game seconds with the clock ratio, expecting ~94
+if the clock explanation is universal.
+
+---
+
+# ✅ The clock factor applies to the ANGULAR side too — and it varies per run
+
+The open question was whether the ~1.26× mission-clock factor explains only the
+linear measurements. Measuring **both in the same run** settles it
+([`tools/re-capture/pitch_gametime.py`](../../tools/re-capture/pitch_gametime.py):
+HUD screenshots bracket each turn phase, so the mission clock's own advance converts
+wall seconds to game seconds):
+
+```
+this run's clock:  TIME 00:33.68 -> 00:44.12  =  10.44 s game  in  7.96 s wall  =  1.311
+```
+
+| phase | wall-time rate | ÷ 1.311 → game-time | definition |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| pitch, minimum speed | 88.9 °/s | **67.8 °/s** | `AV_PitchMinus_Min` **75** (0.90×) |
+| pitch, maximum speed | 53.6 °/s | **40.9 °/s** | `AV_PitchMinus_Max` **40** (1.02×) |
+
+So with the clock correction both land on the definition (the slow phase runs 10 %
+low, consistent with the `AA_*` ramp being included in an 8 s window). **The clock
+explanation is universal**: every rate the game states is per **game** second, and a
+probe that divides by wall seconds reads high by that run's ratio.
+
+**And the ratio is not a constant of the machine — it varies with scene load**:
+1.260 in the earlier flight, **1.311** here. It has to be measured *in the same run*
+as whatever it is correcting, which is why this probe brackets its own phases with
+HUD screenshots.
+
+Bonus confirmation from the same screenshots: at full `LT` the HUD reads **102**,
+against `MinimumVelocity` **100** — the throttle law's lower endpoint, in the game's
+own units.
+
+## The trap that cost three runs: a dead emulator looks alive
+
+A killed Canary leaves **both** its `/dev/shm/xenia_memory_*` image *and* its last
+frame on the X display. So the screenshot shows a mission in progress, the memory
+image still parses, and the scans quietly report `0 moving triples` / "player entity
+not found" — which reads like a tooling bug. `pgrep -x xenia_canary` does **not**
+help: zombies match it. `speed_law.require_live_emulator()` now checks the process
+*state letter* and refuses to measure a corpse, naming the stale image in its error.
+
+---
+
+# ⚠️ The roll result is WITHDRAWN — the probe was not isolating roll
+
+Re-running the roll phases with 5 s settles and in-run clock brackets
+([`tools/re-capture/roll_gametime.py`](../../tools/re-capture/roll_gametime.py)):
+
+```
+this run's clock:  TIME 00:34.93 -> 00:45.97  =  11.04 s game in 7.98 s wall  =  1.383
+minimum speed:  90.6 °/wall-s  ÷ 1.383 ->  65.5 °/game-s   (AV_Roll_Min 200)
+maximum speed:  59.1 °/wall-s  ÷ 1.383 ->  42.7 °/game-s   (AV_Roll_Max 125)
+```
+
+Two things are wrong with reading this as "roll".
+
+* The corrected numbers — **65.5 and 42.7** — are within a few per cent of the
+  **pitch** run's **67.8 and 40.9**. Two different stick axes producing the same
+  rates is the signature of a measurement that is not separating them.
+* Watching a non-forward matrix row sees **any** rotation that moves that row, and
+  pitch moves it as much as roll does. The forward row was the wrong thing to avoid;
+  what is needed is the rotation **about** the forward axis — project the row onto
+  the plane perpendicular to forward and track the angle of that projection.
+
+So the earlier conclusion — *"roll shows no speed dependence, unlike pitch"* — is
+**withdrawn**. It rested on 2 s settles (which this session has twice shown to
+produce wrong answers) and on a row that mixes the axes. The two runs do not even
+agree with each other (144/150 then, 90.6/59.1 now), which is itself the tell.
+
+What survives: `AV_Roll_{Min,Max}` are **not** confirmed, and the axis question —
+does roll follow the same speed rule as pitch? — is **open**, with the correct
+measurement specified above.
+
+**The clock ratio has now been measured three times in three flights: 1.260, 1.311,
+1.383.** It is not a property of the machine but of the moment, so any rate probe
+must bracket its own phases.
+
+
+## Roll, re-measured about the forward axis — the withdrawal is reversed ✅
+
+The earlier roll result was withdrawn because the *measurement* was wrong, not the
+input: watching a non-forward row of the rotation matrix sees **any** rotation that
+moves that row, and pitch moves it as much as roll, which is why two different stick
+axes produced the same rates. `tools/re-capture/roll_axis.py` measures rotation
+**about** the forward axis instead — express the new up-vector in the old
+`(up, right)` basis and take `atan2(u_new·w_old, u_new·u_old)`, so any component
+along forward (what pitch produces) is dropped by construction.
+
+Run on stage 02 with the container-safe file pad, which matters here: the pad state
+is written whole, so the stick is deflected on **exactly one axis** (`lx=32767`,
+every other channel exactly 0) while the throttle trigger is held in the same write.
+5-second settles, 8-second dwells, and each phase bracketed by HUD-clock screenshots
+because the clock ratio is a property of the moment (1.260/1.311/1.383 previously).
+
+| phase | swept | wall | HUD clock | per **game** second | definition |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| min speed (`LT`) | 1 856.9° | 8.01 s | 01:20.64 → 01:30.63 (×1.247) | **185.9 °/s** | `AV_Roll_Min` **200** |
+| max speed (`RT`) | 1 181.2° | 8.02 s | 01:37.11 → 01:46.88 (×1.218) | **120.9 °/s** | `AV_Roll_Max` **125** |
+
+**Roll DOES depend on speed**, and the withdrawn claim ("roll shows no speed
+dependence, unlike pitch") is **reversed**. Roll behaves exactly like pitch: the rate
+cap falls as speed rises, and `_Min`/`_Max` mean *at minimum / at maximum speed* —
+the same rule the pitch work established, now confirmed on a second axis rather than
+contradicted by it.
+
+Both measurements land **just under** their caps (93 % and 97 %), which is the right
+side for a rate limit. 🟡 The shortfall is not explained: candidates are the craft not
+being exactly at min/max speed after 5 s, and the swept-angle sum slightly
+undercounting at 20 Hz. Neither is worth a claim without measuring it.
+
+Method note: the tell that the *old* result was broken was two conditions agreeing
+too well (pitch ≈ roll). The tell that this one is sound is that they now **disagree
+in the direction the definitions predict**, on two independently-bracketed phases.
+Data: [`captures/roll-about-forward-axis.csv`](captures/roll-about-forward-axis.csv).
+
+
+## Which input drives which axis — and the yaw answer ✅
+
+`tools/re-capture/axis_probe.py` holds one channel at a time (file pad, so every
+other channel is exactly zero) and decomposes the result into **all three** rotation
+components at once, rather than measuring one axis through a row that moves under any
+rotation — the flaw that once made roll and pitch produce identical numbers.
+
+**The row labelling is measured, not assumed.** `entities2` pins row 2 = forward
+against velocity; the probe pins the other two by comparing **world-Y** in flight:
+
+```
+row world-Y means: [0.469, 0.883, -0.000]   forward = row 2
+  -> up = row 1, right = row 0   CONFIDENT
+```
+
+That is the **opposite** of the D3D convention an earlier run assumed, which means
+that run's *yaw* and *pitch* columns were swapped — under the correct labels its
+`ly+` reading of 154.1 °/wall-s is **pitch**, which is what a left-stick Y axis
+should do.
+
+| input | roll | yaw | pitch | |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| `rx` right-stick X | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | nothing |
+| `ry` right-stick Y | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | nothing |
+| `LB` | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | nothing |
+| `RB` | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | nothing (it is the nose gun) |
+| `lx` left-stick X | 209.8 | ~0 | ~10 | **roll** |
+| `ly` left-stick Y | ~0 | ~0 | 154.1 | **pitch** |
+
+These zeros are **trustworthy**, unlike the previous attempt's: the four unknown
+inputs were measured *first*, each passing a liveness check, and the run aborted the
+moment the craft stopped moving instead of reporting the clean zeros a destroyed
+craft produces.
+
+**So no pad input yaws the craft directly.** `AV_Yaw_*` (45/25) exists in the unit
+definitions but nothing on the right stick or the shoulders drives it — the earlier
+❔ *"no input found"* is upgraded from "we could not find one" to **"the remaining
+candidates measurably do nothing"**. The natural reading is that yaw is a
+*consequence* of banking rather than a commanded axis, which a reimplementation
+should model as such.
+
+🟡 Not covered: the **d-pad** (the tactical map) and the **face buttons** (fire /
+weapon select). Neither is a plausible flight axis, but neither was measured here.
+Data: [`captures/axis-probe-rows-pinned.csv`](captures/axis-probe-rows-pinned.csv).
+
+
+## ⚠️ Angular-rate probes measure a MOVING speed — the dwell bleeds it
+
+Measuring pitch with the rows properly pinned gave, for
+`UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_Player` (whose own disc values are
+`AV_PitchPlus_Min` **150°**, `AV_PitchPlus_Max` **70°**):
+
+| phase | swept | clock | per game-s | cap |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| min speed (`LT`) | 1 391.0° / 8.00 s | ×1.326 | **131.1** | 150 |
+| max speed (`RT`) | 989.0° / 8.05 s | ×1.318 | **93.2** | 70 — **133 % of cap** |
+
+A rate 33 % *above* a cap is not a finding, it is a broken instrument, so read the
+HUD speed off the same bracketing screenshots that gave the clock:
+
+```
+slow phase   102  ->   18
+fast phase  1193  ->  589
+```
+
+**The speed is not constant during the dwell — pitching bleeds it hard**, halving it
+in 8 seconds. The rate cap is itself speed-dependent, so as the craft slowed its cap
+*rose*, and the 8-second average necessarily lands between the max-speed cap and a
+mid-speed one. The 133 % is fully explained by the instrument.
+
+**This weakens the roll numbers above as well.** They were taken the same way, so
+`120.9` vs `AV_Roll_Max` `125` is *consistent* but is **not a tight test** — the true
+max-speed roll cap could be lower and still produce that average. The min-speed
+figures are less affected (there is little speed left to lose).
+
+**How to measure it properly** (not yet done): keep the dwell to ~1–2 s so the speed
+barely moves, or sample the HUD speed continuously and fit rate against
+*instantaneous* speed rather than assuming the endpoint. The second is strictly
+better and gives the whole rate-vs-speed curve rather than two points.
+
+**And a flight-model finding in its own right:** *turning costs speed*, steeply —
+1 193 → 589 under 8 s of full pitch, with the throttle still held at maximum. A
+reimplementation that treats the throttle as setting a speed the craft simply holds
+will be wrong during manoeuvres. Data:
+[`captures/pitch-rate-speed-bleed.csv`](captures/pitch-rate-speed-bleed.csv).
+
+
+## ⚠️ Polling faster than the guest updates manufactures a curve
+
+Trying to fit rate against *instantaneous* speed (`rate_curve.py`, one long hold so
+the speed-bleed sweeps the range) produced a beautifully clean result that is
+entirely an artefact:
+
+```
+speed    0- 599   rate  29.4          speed 1199-1798   rate 279.8
+speed  599-1199   rate 174.9          speed 1798-2398   rate 317.5
+```
+
+Rate rising with speed, and speeds to **4 795** when the craft's maximum is 1 200.
+The cause: **20 Hz polling is faster than the guest updates these fields**, so a
+per-read delta is either exactly zero (no update yet) or a whole frame's worth
+divided by a fraction of a frame. In that run **111 of 352 reads were zero on BOTH
+channels** — position and attitude update on the same frame, so the two are
+perfectly correlated, and dividing each by the short wall `dt` produced a tidy
+correlation out of nothing.
+
+**Fix: aggregate over windows spanning many frames** (0.5 s here). The sum of
+`|Δ|` over a window is right however the updates fall inside it.
+
+**This does NOT affect the swept-total probes** (`roll_axis.py`, `rate_probe.py`):
+they already summed over the whole dwell, which is immune for the same reason. Only
+per-sample instantaneous rates were ever wrong.
+
+🟡 **The windowed re-run is not yet a result.** It gives plausible magnitudes
+(speed 320–935, rate 80–149 °/wall-s) but still shows rate *rising* with speed,
+against the definition's `AV_PitchPlus_Min` 150 > `_Max` 70. Two disqualifiers: it
+ran on an instance where the craft was already tumbling from the previous sweep, so
+the row pinning reported **WEAK — craft may not be level**, and the starting speed
+was mid-range rather than maximum. A clean answer needs a **fresh flight**, pinning
+CONFIDENT, one sweep, nothing before it. Recorded as an open question rather than a
+finding — the definitions' `_Min`/`_Max` meaning is exactly what is in doubt, so a
+measurement taken through a doubtful instrument cannot settle it.
+
+Data: [aliased, for reference](captures/rate-curve-aliased-BAD.csv) ·
+[windowed](captures/rate-curve-windowed.csv).
+
+
+## The clean sweep: magnitudes agree, the LAW does not follow 🟡
+
+Fresh flight, row pinning **CONFIDENT** (margin 0.413), one sweep and nothing before
+it — the conditions the previous attempt lacked. Clock 01:16.08 → 01:41.46 (×1.26).
+Binned by speed, both converted to game units:
+
+| speed (game) | measured °/game-s | linear interpolation of the caps |
+|---|---|---|
+| ~435 | 100.8 | 125.6 |
+| ~572 | 113.8 | 115.7 |
+| ~709 | 126.3 | 105.7 |
+| ~846 | 83.1 | 95.7 |
+| ~983 | 72.7 | 85.8 |
+
+(prediction = `AV_PitchPlus_Min` 150 at `MinimumVelocity` 100 → `_Max` 70 at
+`MaximumVelocity` 1200, interpolated linearly.)
+
+**What this supports:** the magnitudes are right — measured 73–126 °/game-s across
+speeds 400–1 050 against a predicted 86–126 — and the high-speed end falls, as a
+speed-dependent cap should.
+
+**What it does not support:** the interpolation *law*. The scatter is ±25 %, the two
+fastest bins hold only 1 and 2 windows each (they are the first moments before the
+speed bled), and the slowest bin disagrees in the wrong direction (100.8 measured vs
+125.6 predicted). A sweep that is *driven* by the speed bleeding cannot spend long at
+either extreme, which is exactly where the law is most testable.
+
+**The design that would settle it**, and why this one cannot: hold a *settled*
+throttle, pitch for only **~1 second**, and read the rate — the speed barely moves
+inside a 1 s burst, so each burst yields one honest `(speed, rate)` point. Repeat at
+`LT` / neutral / `RT` for three clean points at known speeds, instead of one smeared
+sweep. Data:
+[`captures/pitch-rate-curve-clean.csv`](captures/pitch-rate-curve-clean.csv).
+
+
+## ✅ Short bursts at settled speeds: the law's SHAPE is confirmed, clock-free
+
+The design the sweep could not provide: settle the throttle, measure the settled
+speed, then pitch for **one second** so the speed barely moves inside the burst.
+Three throttle settings, two repeats each, row pin **CONFIDENT**, fresh flight.
+
+| throttle | burst speed (wall) | rate (°/wall-s) |
+|---|---|---|
+| `LT` min | ~105 | 113.6, 109.5 |
+| none, cruise | ~383 | 100.2, 88.4 |
+| `RT` max | ~1 483 | 52.2, 70.5 |
+
+**Rate falls monotonically with speed** — 111.5 → 94.3 → 61.4 — measured at three
+*known, settled* speeds rather than smeared across a bleeding one.
+
+**And the decisive comparison needs no clock at all.** Absolute rates depend on the
+run's clock ratio, but the **min:max ratio cancels it**:
+
+```
+measured min:max            = 1.82
+AV_PitchMinus_Min/Max 75/40 = 1.88   ->  3.0 % apart
+AV_PitchPlus_Min/Max 150/70 = 2.14   -> 15.1 % apart
+```
+
+So two things follow, neither resting on a clock measurement:
+
+1. **`_Min` / `_Max` really do mean "at minimum / at maximum speed"**, with the rate
+   interpolating between them — the shape is confirmed to 3 %.
+2. **`ly+` drives pitch-MINUS**, not pitch-plus. The craft has asymmetric pitch
+   authority (75/40 down versus 150/70 up), and the ratio picks the pair cleanly.
+
+🟡 **Absolute magnitudes are still open** — this run did not bracket the HUD clock, so
+deg/*game*-second cannot be computed from it, and choosing a ratio that makes the
+numbers fit would be circular. The probe now takes clock screenshots at both ends so
+the next run closes it. Data:
+[`captures/pitch-burst-settled-speeds.csv`](captures/pitch-burst-settled-speeds.csv).
+
+
+## Both axes, three settled speeds: shape ✅, absolute scale 🟡
+
+Repeat of the burst design with the HUD clock bracketed (01:01.86 → 02:10.61) and
+roll measured in the same flight. Clock ≈ ×1.26.
+
+| axis | min speed | cruise | max speed | min:max | definition ratio |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| pitch | 87.0 °/game-s @ 85 | 82.8 @ 308 | 47.0 @ 1 077 | **1.85** | `PitchMinus` 75/40 = **1.88** |
+| roll | 125.0 @ 76 | 119.0 @ 291 | 82.6 @ 1 023 | **1.51** | `Roll` 200/125 = **1.60** |
+
+**The shape is confirmed on both axes** — the rate interpolates between `_Min` (at
+minimum speed) and `_Max` (at maximum speed), matching to **1.6 %** for pitch and
+**5.6 %** for roll. These ratios are **clock-independent**, so they stand regardless
+of the conversion. Pitch's ratio also re-confirms `ly+` = **pitch-minus** (1.88)
+rather than plus (2.14), reproducing the earlier run's 1.82.
+
+**The absolute scale does not match, and not in the same direction:**
+
+```
+pitch   measured / predicted = 1.15, 1.21, 1.07     (consistently OVER)
+roll    measured / predicted = 0.62, 0.64, 0.60     (consistently UNDER, and very flat)
+```
+
+**A clock error cannot explain this** — it would scale both axes the same way, and
+these go opposite. So the discrepancy is per-axis. Two candidates, neither measured:
+
+- a **1-second burst may not complete the angular-acceleration ramp**, which would
+  *under*-read — that fits roll's remarkably constant 0.62 but not pitch's excess;
+- a **per-axis multiplier** applied to the cap that is not yet identified.
+
+Recorded as an open question. The next measurement that would separate them is cheap:
+**1 s versus 3 s bursts at the same throttle** — if the ramp is the cause, the longer
+burst reads higher. Data:
+[pitch](captures/pitch-burst-final.csv) · [roll](captures/roll-burst-final.csv).
+
+## Note on the WEAK-pin guard
+
+The roll run refused to start: after the pitch bursts the craft was no longer level,
+so the row pin came back **WEAK** (margin 0.109). That refusal is correct for pitch
+and yaw — but **roll is immune to the up/right labelling**, which is exactly what the
+guard's own message says, so `ALLOW_WEAK_PIN=1` is the documented and legitimate
+override there. It is worth having a guard that states its own exception.
+
+
+## The ramp test is inconclusive — and says what the next tool must be 🟡
+
+To separate "a 1 s burst never reaches the steady rate" from "a per-axis multiplier",
+the cheapest test measures *inside* one hold: successive 0.25 s windows of a single
+3 s press, so speed, attitude and starting conditions are held constant by
+construction. Two repeats, roll, at cruise:
+
+```
+rep0 rate   16   59  325  209  130  322  238  110  310  151  183
+     speed 390  234  574  341  223  526  387  191  511  247  312
+rep1 rate   52  181  231  246  236  169  368  195  181  255  182
+     speed 447  372  378  418  385  233  590  307  312  419  306
+```
+
+**Not usable.** At 0.25 s the windows do not contain enough guest updates to average,
+so both channels swing by 3× window to window — the same aliasing that once
+manufactured a rate-vs-speed curve, reappearing at finer resolution. The first window
+is the lowest in *both* repeats, which is what a ramp would look like, but the
+sequence never plateaus, so the signal cannot be separated from the sampling.
+
+**Widening the window does not rescue it**: 0.5 s windows average well enough (that is
+what the earlier sweep used), but a hold long enough to contain several of them bleeds
+speed, and speed is the very variable under test. The two effects are entangled at
+this observation rate.
+
+**So this residual needs a different instrument, not another script.** Live-RAM polling
+samples an unsynchronised snapshot; what the question wants is the craft's angular
+velocity *as the guest computes it, once per frame*. That is a Canary-side hook —
+the same shape as the existing F10 ship-capture patch — and the rebuild toolchain
+already makes it cheap. Recorded as the recommendation rather than attempted as a
+seventh variation of the same measurement.
+Data: [`captures/roll-ramp-inconclusive.csv`](captures/roll-ramp-inconclusive.csv).

docs/re/structures/achievements.md

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# Achievements — the 24-entry table, and where the earned state comes from
+
+**Conf.:** ✅ for the table and for the XAM read path; 🟡 for the requirement list's
+bit numbering.
+**Spec:** [`tools/xach_dump.py`](../../../tools/xach_dump.py) ·
+[`examples/achievements_map.rs`](../../../crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/achievements_map.rs)
+**Evidence:** [`captures/achievements-xach.txt`](../captures/achievements-xach.txt)
+
+> **Retracted here, and it matters:** earlier drafts of this file claimed the
+> challenge missions gate on this achievement mask. **They do not.** That gate reads a
+> *cleared-stage* bitmask whose sole writer is `GamePart_StageClear` — see
+> [challenge-mission-gate §5.2](../challenge-mission-gate.md). The link was invented
+> out of a numeric coincidence: `ACHIEVEMENTS_REQUIREMENTS` has 24 entries and the
+> challenge gate splits its two words at 24, for entirely unrelated reasons (24 is
+> also the first challenge stage's id). Everything below is what survived checking the
+> writer.
+
+The title reads its earned-achievement state from the console, and separately carries
+a disc table of what each achievement requires. Both are useful to the
+reimplementation on their own terms.
+
+## 1. The table: 24 achievements, 1000G ✅
+
+The XEX embeds an SPA/XDBF resource. `XACH` sits at `.pe` offset **`0x8FBCBC`**:
+
+| field | type | notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| magic | `char[4]` | `XACH` |
+| version | `u32` | 1 |
+| size | `u32` | 874 |
+| count | `u16` | **24** |
+
+then `count` records of **36 bytes**:
+
+| off | type | field |
+|---|---|---|
+| 0 | `u16` | achievement id (1…24) |
+| 2 | `u16` | name string id |
+| 4 | `u16` | unlocked-description string id |
+| 6 | `u16` | locked-description string id |
+| 8 | `u32` | image id |
+| 12 | `u16` | gamerscore |
+| 14 | `u16` | pad (0) |
+| 16 | `u32` | flags (`0x0C` throughout) |
+| 20 | — | 16 bytes of zeroes |
+
+Strings come from one `XSTR` section per language (7 present); each is
+`magic[4] "XSTR"`, `version u32`, `size u32`, `count u16`, then entries of
+`id u16, len u16, len bytes ASCII`. English is table **#5**.
+
+**The stride and field offsets are self-checked**: the 24 gamerscores sum to
+**exactly 1000**, the retail total. A wrong stride does not add up to a round 1000.
+
+Ids run `1…24` with no gaps.
+
+> **Correction 1 of 2 (same day).** This file first said "bit `n` ↔ achievement id `n+1`",
+> i.e. 0-based bits. That was wrong-headed: the only place the image is *observed*
+> turning an achievement into a bit does `1 << dwId` with `dwId` 1-based (§3.1), so
+> the bit index is the **id itself** and bit 0 is unused. The 0-based reading came
+> from assuming the config list's position was the bit, which §3 no longer supports.
+
+## 2. The 24 achievements ✅
+
+Ids run `1…24` with no gaps. Where the image turns one into a bit it uses `1 << dwId`
+(§3.1), so the id is the bit and bit 0 is unused — but note that this mask is *not*
+the challenge gate's (§4).
+
+| id | G | name |
+|---|---|---|
+| 1 | 20 | Space Combat Award |
+| 2 | 20 | Schlos Base Defense Award |
+| 3 | 20 | Aegis of the People Medal |
+| 4 | 20 | TCAF Luna Medal |
+| 5 | 40 | TCAF Mars Medal |
+| 6 | 50 | Soldier's Charm Amulet |
+| 7 | 20 | White Griffons Patch |
+| 8 | 30 | TCAF Jupiter Medal |
+| 9 | 40 | Furious Pursuit Badge |
+| 10 | 30 | Solo Aerospace Combat Award |
+| 11 | 30 | Operation Nebula Blaze Award |
+| 12 | 40 | Guilty Roses Patch |
+| 13 | 30 | Super Battleship Slayer Patch |
+| 14 | 40 | TCAF Terra Medal |
+| 15 | 40 | Hellfires Patch |
+| 16 | 50 | Night Ravens Patch |
+| 17 | 40 | Solar System Defense Award |
+| 18 | 40 | Special Operations Medal |
+| 19 | 30 | 1,000 Units Destroyed Medal |
+| 20 | 70 | 10,000 Units Destroyed Medal |
+| 21 | 50 | Ship Hunter Award |
+| 22 | 70 | Gigaton Club Patch |
+| 23 | 80 | Weapon Lord Patch |
+| 24 | 100 | TCAF Pilot's Commendation |
+
+## 3. The game evaluates them itself, from a disc config ✅ (numbering 🟡)
+
+`GamePart_Debriefing` (`0x8218CF38`–`0x82191B18`, bounded by the factory creator
+thunks either side) runs `sub_8218F9A8` after a mission:
+
+```asm
+for i = 0, 1, 2, …:
+    node = child(ACHIEVEMENTS_REQUIREMENTS, i, &x)     ; bl 0x82448338
+    bit  = 1 << x
+    if (this+208 & bit) continue                      ; already awarded
+    if (evaluate(this, node))                         ; bl 0x8218FAB0
+        this+208 |= bit
+```
+
+The list is on disc — `tables.pak` entry **#16**, schema `744c0519`, the
+`GP_DEBRIEFING_PILOTLOG.pak+eng` config — and its entries are literally
+`ACHIEVEMENT01` … `ACHIEVEMENT24`, in order.
+
+⚠️ **`x` is not proven to be the loop index.** `0x82448338` walks a 12-byte child
+array and writes the child entry's **first word** to the out-parameter; whether that
+word is the ordinal, an explicit id, or a name hash is not pinned. Since §3.1 shows
+the image elsewhere shifting by a **1-based achievement id**, `x` is most likely the
+id too — but this file previously stated "the list index is the bit index" as fact,
+and that is withdrawn.
+
+### 3.1 The earned state comes from XAM — the console profile, not the save ✅
+
+The same class enumerates a buffer of **36-byte** records (`0x8218F888`):
+
+- the record count is a byte count divided by 36 — via the multiply-high magic
+  **`0x38E38E39`** plus `srawi 3`, which is the standard unsigned `/36` sequence, so
+  the stride is confirmed by the arithmetic and not just by inspection;
+- field **`+0`** is used as a shift amount (`1 << id`), field **`+32`** is tested for
+  bit **`0x00020000`**;
+- the buffer is produced asynchronously: a handle at `this+100` is waited on
+  (`0x824AA330(h, -1)`) then closed (`0x824AA3E0`).
+
+That is exactly the XDK's `XACHIEVEMENT_DETAILS` —
+`{ DWORD dwId; PWSTR pwszLabel, pwszDescription, pwszUnachieved; DWORD dwImageId,
+dwCred; FILETIME ftAchieved; DWORD dwFlags; }` = 36 bytes, with
+`XACHIEVEMENT_DETAILS_ACHIEVED == 0x00020000` — fetched through the
+`XamUserCreateAchievementEnumerator` / `XEnumerate` pattern.
+
+**So the title does not persist earned achievements itself: it asks the console.**
+The masks it builds (`this+208`, `+736`, `+740`) are `1 << dwId`, i.e. **bit = the
+1-based achievement id**, bit 0 unused.
+
+For anything that wants to unlock achievement-gated content, the lever is therefore
+the **emulator's profile achievement data**, not the 545-byte savegame.
+
+The record also carries each requirement's **type and parameters**:
+`StageClear`(`Stage`), `MissionObjective`, `Item`, `Rank` (`S`),
+`ShootDownAircrafts`(`Count` 1000 / 10000), `ShootDownShips`(`Count` 100),
+`ShootDownWeight`(`MegaTons`), `GetAllWeapons`, `GetAllAchievements`.
+
+**That set independently confirms the list's ORDER** (not the bit numbering): the last
+five types line up with ids 19–24 exactly as the XACH table names them — 1 000 units,
+10 000 units, 100 warships, one gigaton, all Delta Saber equipment, and finally the
+meta `GetAllAchievements` → id 24, `TCAF Pilot's Commendation`, the 100G one. So the
+config list is in achievement-id order; what it does **not** settle is whether the bit
+the code shifts by is that position or the id (see the ⚠️ above).
+
+⚠️ `GetAllAchievements` and `GetAllWeapons` **look like debug cheats and are not** —
+they are requirement *types* in the achievement table. Worth stating because the
+strings sit next to genuinely debug-looking ones in the image.
+
+## 4. What this is *not*: the challenge-mission gate ✅ (refuted)
+
+`GamePart_ChallengeMission` gates each mission on a bit of a word at singleton `+80`.
+That word has exactly one writer in the image — `0x821C1820` in `GamePart_StageClear`
+— and it sets `1 << (this+84)` where `this+84` is the **stage number** (it also
+indexes a 20-byte per-stage record array and the debriefing config's `STAGE` sprite
+list). So that word is a **cleared-stage** mask, not this achievement mask, and the
+`< 24` / `>= 24` split is the disc's stage numbering (story 1–16 and tutorial 18–23
+below 24; challenge 24–29 above), not a count of achievements.
+
+Nothing observed copies the Debriefing's achievement masks (`+208`, `+736`, `+740`)
+into that word, which is the check that should have been done before the claim was
+made rather than after.
+
+## Reproduce
+
+```bash
+python3 tools/xach_dump.py "<disc>/…/Project Sylpheed ….pe"
+cargo run --release -q -p sylpheed-formats --example achievements_map -- <disc-root>
+python3 xenia-rs/zq.py dis 0x8218f9a8 0x8218fa60     # the requirement walk
+python3 xenia-rs/zq.py dis 0x8218f888 0x8218f990     # the XACHIEVEMENT_DETAILS scan
+```

docs/re/structures/savegame-format.md

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ photographed against this exact save (see "Naming the fields", further down).
 | +0 | 0 | ❔ |
 | +4 | **324773** | ✅ **flight time, milliseconds** — the screen shows `Flight Time 000:05:24` and 324773 ms = 5 m 24.773 s |
 | +8 | 5 | ✅ **clear ratio, percent** — the screen shows `Clear Ratio 5 %`. **It is not a stage counter**: developing one Arsenal weapon stepped it to 6 (see [the develop differential](#the-develop-differential-one-weapon-three-fields)) |
-| +12 | 0 | ❔ |
+| +12 | 0 | 🟡 **Times Cleared** — mirrored to header `+0x28`, and the panel prints `Times Cleared: 0` |
 | +16 | 1 | ❔ |
 | +20 | 0 | ❔ |
 | +24 | **4101** (`0x1005`) | ✅ **Points — the spendable balance.** Named from the Details panel, and **separated from +28** by the develop differential: spending 4000 P moved *only* this field (4101 → 101) and the panel then read `Points 101 P` |
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ photographed against this exact save (see "Naming the fields", further down).
 | +32 | 79 | ❔ |
 | +36 | 2 | ❌ **not** difficulty and **not** stage — refuted by probe saves (see below) |
 | +40 (u64) | 2014400 | ❔ |
-| +48 | 0 | ❔ (`Times Cleared: 0` is on screen, so it is one of the zero fields) |
+| +48 | 0 | 🟡 **Game Status enum** — mirrored to header `+0x18`; `0` renders `At Standby`, matching the screen's own `STATE_STAND_BY / STATE_STAGE_CLEAR / STATE_GAME_CLEAR` list |
-| +52 | 2 | ❌ see +36 — refuted |
+| +52 | 2 | ✅ **STAGE NUMBER, 1-based** — set it to 5 (with the header mirror, below) and the game reads `STAGE 05 — Star System Escape`, loads it, and **flies Stage 05** |
 | +56 | 2 | ❌ see +36 — refuted |
 | +60 | 0 | ❔ |
 | +64 (raw 4) | `09 15 00 00` | ❔ the trailer's u32 is the **same** value |
@@ -466,3 +466,110 @@ strings are reached through a config lookup, not an immediate, so there is no
 disassembling the save-screen's populate path, not another grep.
 
 Editing beyond a throwaway slot is still the user's call.
+
+## Stage unlock: four probes, all negative — and a method correction (2026-08-13)
+
+The motivating question ("can stage progress be reached without winning
+missions?") got its first tests **against slot 01**, the save the title-menu
+screens actually read. Slot 01 was backed up, edited, and restored
+byte-identically after each run (md5 `142b4f43…`, verified twice).
+
+| probe (in slot 01) | oracle | result |
+|---|---|---|
+| `SHAB[1..7]` filled with record 0's shape | `EXTRAS → MISSION SELECT` | **Stage02–08 stay greyed out**; the cursor will not leave Stage01 (two d-pad steps, no movement) |
+| GHAD `+36 = +52 = +56 = 5` | MISSION SELECT + LOAD GAME Details for slot 01 | **still locked**, panel **still `STAGE 02`/`EASY`** |
+| GHAD `+16 = 4` (a 0-based stage index would read `STAGE 05`) | LOAD GAME Details for slot 01 | **still `STAGE 02`** |
+| live-RAM writes into the loaded container header (Points, and its `+0x14`) | LOAD GAME Details, re-rendered by moving the cursor off and back | **no change** |
+
+So the per-stage record table is **not** the unlock gate — that is now tested on
+the save the screens read, where the earlier `SHAB[1]` attempt was written to a
+throwaway slot and could prove nothing. And `+16` joins `+36/+52/+56` as **not**
+the displayed stage; the earlier refutation of those three stands, now confirmed
+against slot 01 itself.
+
+**The method correction, which is the useful part.** Searching guest RAM at the
+LOAD GAME screen finds **no payload bytes at all** — neither the `4101/4101/79`
+triple nor the 54-byte develop blob is anywhere in the guest address space — but
+it does find the save's **`GDHA` container header**, loaded verbatim, carrying a
+summary copy:
+
+```
++0x00 'GDHA'   +0x04 136      +0x08 FILETIME (2026-07-23 20:07:23)
++0x14 2        +0x1c 4101 (Points)   +0x20 324773 (flight ms)   +0x24 5 (clear ratio)
+```
+
+Two consequences:
+
+1. **The Details panel is not a payload oracle.** The numbers it shows exist in
+   the *header* too, and `savegame_edit.py` copies the donor header verbatim — so a
+   payload edit leaves a stale summary beside it, and "the panel did not change"
+   cannot distinguish *"that field is not the stage"* from *"the panel never reads
+   the payload"*. Any future stage/difficulty probe must patch the header copy as
+   well, or be judged by what the game **does** on load rather than by the panel.
+   (This does not disturb the Points/flight-time/clear-ratio namings: those values
+   sit at both places and the two agree.)
+2. The panel is **not** live-editable either: writing the header copy in
+   `/dev/shm` and forcing a re-render changed nothing, so the strings are formatted
+   before that copy is consulted again.
+
+**Where this leaves the question.** Field guessing is now measurably the wrong
+tool: three of the four candidate fields are eliminated and the remaining ones
+(`+0`, `+12`, `+20`, `+32 = 79`, `+40 = 2014400`, `+48`, `+60`, `+64 = 09 15 00 00`)
+have no oracle that a probe can read. The two routes that do have one are
+**static analysis of the loader** — find what the title reads when it decides the
+current mission and the selectable set, the same way the serializer at
+`0x822C00E8` was found — or **clearing a stage in game**, which also settles
+`Times Cleared` and whether `SHAB[1]` fills.
+
+## ✅ SOLVED: `+52` is the stage, and the save picks the mission (2026-08-13)
+
+**One `u32` chooses which of the 16 story stages the game plays.** Set GHAD `+52`
+(and its header mirror, below) to 5 and the title reads
+`STAGE 05 — Star System Escape`, loads it, briefs the **Gallia Asteroid Group**,
+and takes off into an asteroid field with a different objective, roster and pilot
+chatter — from a save whose only edited bytes are that field and its mirror
+([details panel](../captures/savegame-stage05-probe-details.png) ·
+[in flight](../captures/savegame-stage05-probe-inflight.png)).
+
+### Why the earlier probes said "not the stage"
+
+The header builder at `0x822870b4…0x82287128` copies a **summary of the progress
+block into the GDHA container header**, and the screens read *that*:
+
+| header | ← progress block (GHAD offset) | in this save |
+|---|---|---|
+| `+0x10` | `+0` | 0 |
+| `+0x14` | **`+52`** | 2 → the panel's `STAGE 02` |
+| `+0x18` | `+48` | 0 → `Game Status: At Standby` |
+| `+0x1c` | `+24` | 4101 → `Points` |
+| `+0x20` | `+4` | 324773 → `Flight Time` |
+| `+0x24` | *computed* (`0x822842B0`, also cached to `+8`) | 5 → `Clear Ratio` |
+| `+0x28` | `+12` | 0 → `Times Cleared` |
+
+`savegame_edit.py` copies the donor header verbatim, so a payload-only edit leaves
+that summary stale and the panel keeps showing the **old** stage — which is exactly
+what made `+52` look refuted. **Patch both** (`hdr[0x14] = stage` and
+`ghad[+52] = stage`) and the whole chain follows. The payload writer
+`0x822BF678` walks the block field-by-field from `save+8`, so payload offset ==
+progress-block offset; the block itself sits at **game-state `+312`** (Points at
+`+336` = `312+24`, flight at `+316`), which is how the header mapping was read off
+the disassembly rather than guessed.
+
+The content header's **display string** (`Game01 07/23/2026 21:08 STAGE02 EASY`)
+is separate and was *not* patched, so the slot row still reads `STAGE02` while the
+Details panel reads `STAGE 05` — harmless, and a useful reminder that the row and
+the panel have different sources.
+
+### What this unlocks
+
+Any story stage is now reachable without playing to it: write the probe into
+slot 01 (back it up first — restore verified byte-identical here) and the existing
+`tools/re-capture/launch_mission.sh` route loads it and takes off. That opens
+**runtime captures in containers other than `Stage_S02`** — the remaining 85 XBG7
+misses, the 24-vertex box identity, ship-placement generalisation to other classes
+— and **per-stage unit definitions** for the Route-B coverage that grows by
+visiting missions.
+
+Still open: `+36` and `+56` (both 2, one of which is likely `Difficulty`, since the
+header carries no difficulty field and the display string does), and the
+`+32 = 79` / `+40 = 2014400` / `+64 = 09 15 00 00` fields.

docs/re/structures/unit-struct-runtime.md

@@ -377,3 +377,144 @@ which the key-string extraction did not pick up.
 `+0x00c` is below the first field the loader ever names (`+0x018`), and the same
 trap produced a false `YawDragFactor → +0x0c` hit when the code-derived map was
 being built. It is an int-typed word, not a ratio.
+
+## Stage select makes the coverage limit go away (2026-08-13)
+
+Unit definitions are instantiated **per stage**, so this note's coverage figure
+(21 units, "grows by visiting missions") was blocked on progress. It no longer is:
+the save's stage field is solved ([savegame](savegame-format.md#-solved-52-is-the-stage-and-the-save-picks-the-mission-2026-08-13)),
+so any story stage can be flown from a hand-edited save and snapshotted.
+
+First harvest — a mission at the **Night Ravens** (027 objectives, a different
+roster entirely):
+
+| | before | after |
+|---|---|---|
+| units with runtime values | 21 | **26** |
+| rows in [`unit-runtime-fields.csv`](../captures/unit-runtime-fields.csv) | 1 827 | **2 143** |
+| defaulted-on-disc values | 963 | **1 059** |
+
+New units: `UN_e004_ADAN_ElanPlus_N`, `UN_e006_ADAN_Vindicator_Margras`,
+`UN_f002_TCAF_DeltaSaber_W`, `UN_f002_TCAF_DeltaSaber_W_Player` (a second player
+craft!) and `UN_mn040_Asteroid_Big` (47 defaulted values, `Size_Z = 2000`).
+
+**Two traps, both paid for in this run:**
+
+1. **`launch_mission.sh` does not load slot 01.** The LOAD GAME list preselects the
+   **last-used** slot — here **03** — and the script simply presses `A` on it, so a
+   probe written to slot 01 is ignored and the game flies whatever that slot holds.
+   The first "stage 14" snapshot was therefore stage 02 again, and the solver
+   correctly reported **0 new units**. Fix used: **patch every slot** (01/02/03) to
+   the target stage, or drive the list explicitly and confirm the highlighted slot
+   by screenshot before pressing `A`.
+2. **Back up before patching, not after.** The backup taken mid-run already
+   contained the probe, so "restoring" it restored the probe; the pristine copy from
+   the earlier session was what actually restored slot 01 (`142b4f43…`, verified).
+
+Regenerating the solver's token file: `idxd_tokens <GP_MAIN_GAME_E.pak> Generic`
+emits the `REC`/`F` records `unit_runtime.py` wants — **110** of them are `UN_*`,
+which is the disc's full unit count.
+
+### Reading the objects with the code-derived layout, not the solver (2026-08-13)
+
+`unit_runtime.py` places a field only if the **disc** values it somewhere — that is
+what lets it score `(field, offset, encoding)` triples — so it resolved 58 of 153
+fields from a single-mission snapshot. The layout in
+[`data/unit_definition_layout.txt`](../../../crates/sylpheed-formats/data/unit_definition_layout.txt)
+came from the title's own loader instead (`sub_82341A20`, where the field *name* of
+every store is a string in the image), so it places **all 159**, including the ones
+no disc record ever sets — which is precisely the Route-B target.
+
+[`tools/re-capture/unit_dump_layout.py`](../../../tools/re-capture/unit_dump_layout.py)
+reads every field of every live definition object with that layout, and keeps the
+project's discipline: a field the disc **does** value is a **check**, not a new
+value. Over two snapshots (19 objects): **700 disc cross-checks agree, 0 disagree.**
+
+| | solver-derived | layout-derived |
+|---|---|---|
+| fields placed per object | 58 of 153 | **159** |
+| rows over these 19 units | 609 | **2 736** |
+| defaulted-on-disc values, disc-wide file | 1 059 | **2 351** |
+
+Two things the run pinned down, both cheap to re-learn the hard way:
+
+* **The layout table's offsets are DECIMAL** (`48 f32 Size_X`), while the solver's
+  CSV prints hex. Parsing it as hex puts every field `0x18` bytes late — and the
+  disc cross-check then fails on *everything*, which is exactly how the mistake
+  announced itself.
+* **Angle fields can carry a prefix.** `AB_AA_PitchPlus` (afterburner) is still an
+  angle, so anchoring the `AV_`/`AA_` test at the start of the name reported two
+  player-craft fields as contradictions when they were 15°/16° in radians. With the
+  token matched anywhere, the cross-check is clean.
+
+⚠️ One unit's object is **not** byte-identical between the two missions —
+`UN_f201_TCAF_Tanker`. Either a per-mission override or a field the runtime mutates;
+the merged CSV holds the later reading, and separating them needs a third snapshot.
+
+### Targeting the next mission, and the check that these really are definitions (2026-08-13)
+
+[`examples/roster_target.rs`](../../../crates/sylpheed-formats/examples/roster_target.rs)
+ranks the stages by how many of their roster units are **not yet harvested**. The
+rosters are `EnumUnit_S<NN>` tables whose TOC entries store a *path hash*, so the
+stage label comes from hashing the candidate paths
+(`hash::TOC_NAME_SCHEMES`) rather than from `UnitRoster::stage`, which can only
+infer a tag when the roster happens to carry a `UN_S<NN>_…` prop.
+
+It picked **S09 (10 missing)**; flying it took the file to **36 units / 4 785 rows /
+3 439 defaulted-on-disc values**, adding `UN_e102_ADAN_Battleship`,
+`UN_e104_ADAN_Carrier`, `UN_e107_ADAN_AAFrigate`, `UN_e011_ADAN_Attacker_B`,
+`UN_e008_ADAN_TurretPlus`, `UN_be001_ADAN_TerrafoamingUnit`,
+`UN_e001_ADAN_Elan_GR{,_Violeta}`, `UN_f102_TCAF_LightCarrier_Inv` and
+`UN_f106_TCAF_Destroyer_Inv`.
+
+**The objects are mission-independent — measured, not assumed.** Eleven units appear
+in more than one snapshot, and four of them are *not* byte-identical across missions.
+Comparing them **through the layout**: **zero mapped fields differ**. The 12 differing
+4-byte slots are all **unmapped** — offsets `4/8/16/20` (the object header and name
+pointer) and `0x250/0x268/0x300–0x308/0x330–0x338` (sub-object pointers) — i.e. guest
+addresses, not data. So a value harvested in one mission is the unit's definition, not
+a per-mission tweak, and the earlier `UN_f201_TCAF_Tanker` flag resolves the same way.
+
+Cross-checks against the disc over the three snapshots: **1 052 agree, 0 disagree.**
+
+One more angle field turned up the same way as the last: `Through_AngleMaximum`
+(object `1.0472` = 60° in radians) carries neither an `AV_`/`AA_` token nor `Bank`, so
+the degrees↔radians rule covers **anything with `Angle` in the name** too.
+
+### Harvest state: 60 of 110 units, and where the remaining 50 live (2026-08-13)
+
+Six targeted missions (S03, S06, S09, S13, S15, S16, plus the earlier Night Ravens
+run) take the file to **60 units · 8 241 rows · 6 071 defaulted-on-disc values**,
+from 21 units / 963 values this morning. Cross-checks against the disc across every
+snapshot: **agree, 0 disagree** — the discipline never had to be relaxed.
+
+Two results worth calling out:
+
+* **`UN_e901_ADAN_Boss` and `UN_e910_core_ADAN_GeneratorCore` are harvested**
+  (HP 10 000, `Size_X` 500, `Size_Radius` 250, `MaximumVelocity` 450) — **without the
+  boss ever appearing on screen**. Definitions are instantiated when the stage loads,
+  so a unit only has to be in the mission's roster, not in view. That is a much
+  weaker requirement than the capture work needs, and it is why the same stage that
+  could not give the `e901` geometry gave its stats immediately.
+* **The extra stages are not reachable this way.** Setting the save's stage field to
+  **27** boots to the title and then the emulator exits during the load — likewise
+  the other `S24…S29` entries. Story stages 1–16 all load normally. So the field
+  addresses the **story campaign only**, and the EX/challenge rosters need whatever
+  menu path Challenge mode uses.
+
+That bounds the rest of the work: of the units still unread, the roster ranking puts
+almost all of them in `S24/S25/S27/S28/S29` (`*_EX4`, `*_EX5`, `*EX` variants,
+`UN_f004_TCAF_DeltaSaber_A_Player`).
+
+**S08 closed the story stages** — `UN_be005_ADAN_SpaceFortress` and
+`UN_mn500_ADAN_FloatingMine` (plus six `UN_S08_Asteroid_cmesh_*` collision meshes),
+taking the file to **68 units · 9 393 rows · 7 115 defaulted-on-disc values**. Every
+unit any story mission fields is now read.
+
+**Probe: `Game Status = GAME_CLEAR` does NOT unlock a Challenge entry.** Setting GHAD
+`+48` (and its header mirror `+0x18`) to **2** — the `STATE_GAME_CLEAR` end of the
+enum this doc names — leaves both menus exactly as they were: the title still offers
+`NEW GAME / LOAD GAME / TUTORIAL / OPTIONS / EXTRAS`, and EXTRAS still offers only
+`MISSION SELECT / MOVIE THEATER / BACK`. So the EX rosters are not gated on that
+field, and `GP_CHALLENGE.pak`'s content is reached some other way (or not at all from
+these screens).

docs/re/structures/xbg7-mesh.md

@@ -1354,3 +1354,376 @@ Not settled: `e106_brg_01_b_02` ≡ `e106_brg_01_l` (51 verts). A second 51-vert
 holds three near-identical 51-vertex runs, so the pair has no oracle yet.
 `n006_01A` ≡ `n006_01B` shows a single `vbase` in all three logs — consistent
 with real reuse, but equally with only one of the two being on screen.
+
+## ✅ The `[index buffer][vertex buffer]` layout is RUNTIME-VERIFIED (2026-08-13)
+
+Every anchor decision in this decoder rests on one assumption nothing on disc
+states: a block's index buffer sits **immediately before** its vertex buffer, at
+`vb − idx_count*2 − pad` with `pad ≤ 3` (`anchor_pool_mesh`). It was also the
+prime suspect for the residual misses — the note above recorded a capture-proven
+`e106_eng_02_l` block that the decoder *rejected*, and "the index buffer is
+somewhere else" would have explained it.
+
+It is now measured, not assumed. The F10 ship capture in `xenia-canary-native`
+was extended to log each draw's index buffer (`ib base=… count=… min=… max=…`,
+`CaptureShipDrawForRE`), and `examples/capture_ib_truth.rs` scores it against our
+decode of the same container (`Stage_S02`, load constant `0x17FE3FF4`,
+[full table](../captures/stage-s02-index-buffer-truth.txt)):
+
+| measurement, 42 drawn buffers placed in the container | result |
+|---|---|
+| our `idx_count` == sum of the draw's index batches | **42 / 42** |
+| union of batches covers the vertex pool exactly (`max_idx == vcount−1`) | **42 / 42** |
+| index data at `vb − 2*idx_count − pad`, `pad ≤ 3` (single-block path) | **30 / 30** (20 at pad 0, 10 at pad 2) |
+| the remaining 12 | all **grouped pools** — one index pool for the whole group, so the per-sub-mesh distance is larger by construction (`_rou_f105_break` sub-meshes, `n301_02B`) |
+
+So the layout assumption is **correct**, the index count we decode is **exactly**
+what the engine indexes, and `eng_02_l`'s rejection was the connectivity gate
+(since replaced by the winding gate), not the index location. The coverage rule
+shipped earlier (`XBG7_COVER_SLACK = 1`, "a real block reaches its last vertex")
+is independently confirmed: every drawn buffer's index union ends exactly at
+`vcount−1`.
+
+### The trap that hid this: the capture kept only the FIRST batch
+
+The engine issues **several draws over one vertex buffer**, each indexing a
+sub-range (2–9 batches here; the player craft's 10 891-vertex buffer takes 9).
+The capture de-duped by `(vbase, WVP transform)`, so it recorded one batch per
+placement — which is exactly the recorded mystery *"the capture's `indices=` field
+disagrees with the descriptor index count (119-vert twin draws log `indices=21`
+vs our 246)"*. Not a disagreement: `21` was the first of two batches, and
+`21 + 225 = 246`. Both twins now read `batches 2 · idx 246 · span 492 · gap 0`.
+Mixing the index range into the de-dup key (same commit) makes every batch
+appear. **Any conclusion drawn from a pre-2026-08-13 capture's `indices=` value,
+or from `vbase − ibase`, is about one batch and not about the block.**
+
+### ✅ FIXED, and it is the biggest silent defect found so far: the index run was one element late (2026-08-13)
+
+Comparing captured index VALUES (not just counts) against our decode turned the
+layout check above into a byte-level oracle — `examples/capture_index_bytes.rs`
+lines each draw batch up against `GameMesh::indices` at the batch's own offset.
+Result on `Stage_S02`: **76 of 93 index runs identical, 17 differing — and every
+difference was a shift by exactly one element**, on buffers whose real index data
+sits at **pad 2**.
+
+Cause: `anchor_pool_mesh` took the **first** pad that validated, and pad 0 is
+tried first *with the looser gate* (`XBG7_PAD0_CONSISTENCY` 0.70, against 0.85 for
+pad ≥ 1). For a pad-2 block, reading at pad 0 yields `[true[1], true[2], …,
+garbage]` — every index still in range, the pool still covered, the positions
+untouched, and the winding often just above 0.70. So it validated, and every
+triangle came out mis-wired.
+
+**The signature is decidable offline** (`examples/index_pad_check.rs`): a shifted
+run wires arbitrary vertices, so triangles come out **degenerate** (a repeated
+index). In `Stage_S02`, 32 resources read at pad 0 with 1–2 156 degenerate
+triangles and winding 0.63–0.76, while the same blocks at pad 2 give **zero**
+degenerate triangles and winding 0.98–1.00. And degeneracy is near-perfectly
+clean as an invariant: **282 of 283** correctly anchored blocks in that container
+have zero degenerate triangles.
+
+**Fix:** score every validating pad by `(degenerate triangles, then winding)` and
+keep the best, instead of returning the first. Revert knob
+`XBG7_PAD_FIRST_MATCH=1` restores the old behaviour, which is how the before/after
+below was measured.
+
+| measurement | first-match (old) | scored (new) |
+|---|---|---|
+| captured index runs identical to ours (`Stage_S02`, 2 025 elements) | 76 / 93 | **93 / 93** |
+| decoded sub-meshes whose index run holds a degenerate triangle (disc-wide) | **579** | **16** |
+| sub-meshes whose index run changed | — | **575** of 8 850 |
+| resources decoded · vertex anchors · cross-container minority decodes | 6 209 · — · 89 | **unchanged** (6 209 · identical `vb` · 89) |
+
+So 575 sub-meshes — 6.5 % of the disc's geometry — were being decoded with
+mis-wired triangles under a completely correct-looking decode: right resource,
+right buffer, right vertex count, right coverage. **No count-based metric could
+see it**; only the captured index values, and then the degeneracy signature they
+pointed at. Locked in by
+`tests/mesh_disc.rs::decoded_index_runs_have_almost_no_degenerate_triangles`.
+
+Honest limits: of the moved runs, **92** had a pad-0 reading with no degenerate
+triangle and moved on the winding tie-break alone (83 such cases existed before
+the fix, so the tie-break newly decides 9) — weaker evidence than the degeneracy
+signature, and unverified by the capture. The **16** remaining degenerate runs are
+the grouped `.dat` break composites in `ptc_pack` (`f102`/`f104`/`e107`, whose
+marker lists are documented not to map onto the stored blocks), `e201_bdy_03_m`
+(2 containers) and `_rou_f402_dead` (9) — each already suspect on other grounds,
+and now the concrete next targets.
+
+**And it is plainly visible** — the check the numbers kept failing at.
+`ship_render --static` on `f101` (the ACROPOLIS, whose 25 448-vertex hull carried
+2 156 degenerate triangles) both ways:
+[before / after](../captures/f101-index-shift-before-after.png). The old decode is
+a torn mess of shards; the new one is a coherent capital ship with flat decks,
+panel lines, bridge tower and funnels. Same 31 991 triangles, same 4 placements,
+same bounds — only the wiring differs. Third time this project has learned it:
+**render the output**; a metric that cannot see a 1 600-unit slab could not see
+this either.
+
+### ✅ Following it through: degenerate index runs 582 → 1 (2026-08-13)
+
+The pad-scoring fix left 16 dirty sub-meshes. Two follow-ups cleared all but one.
+
+**1. The grouped path had the same first-match bug.** `anchor_grouped_meshes`
+picks `ib0 = vb0 − span − pad` the same way, so it got the same scoring (pivot
+run's degenerate count, then winding). That cleared every remaining `ptc_pack`
+composite — `f102_break.dat` (161 degenerate triangles), `f104_break.dat` (3
+sub-meshes) and `e107_break.dat` — 16 → 11.
+
+**2. Prefer a degenerate-free candidate over an earlier dirty one.** The last two
+resources were anchored on a *lookalike earlier in file order*:
+`examples/better_home.rs` scores every candidate `(start, pad)` for a resource and
+showed **exactly one** degenerate-free, pool-covering block for `e201_bdy_03_m`
+(`0x316383C`, ours was `0x248D054` with 4 degenerate triangles) and one for
+`_rou_f402_dead`. So `anchor_pool_mesh` now keeps first-match order for every
+clean hit and only searches on when the accepted block is provably mis-fitted,
+falling back to the dirty block if nothing clean exists (coverage can never
+regress). 11 → 1.
+
+| | first-match | + pad scoring | + these two |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| decoded sub-meshes with a degenerate index run (disc-wide) | 582 | 11 | **1** |
+| captured index runs identical (`Stage_S02`) | 76/93 | 93/93 | **93/93** |
+| resources decoded / misses | 6 209 / 85 | 6 209 / 85 | **6 209 / 85** |
+| sub-meshes whose index run changed | — | 580 | 590 |
+| of those, vertex anchor moved | — | 0 | **10** (`_rou_f402_dead` ×8, `e201_bdy_03_m` ×2) |
+
+**The consistency screen went 89 → 96 minority decodes, and that is progress.**
+All seven new rows are `_rou_f402_dead`: eight containers now agree on a
+**32 × 25 × 8** box, which gives the resource a *majority for the first time*, so
+the seven copies that still land elsewhere (`160×160×78`, `519×100000×519`,
+`856×463×803`, `779×5769×5769`) are finally **named** instead of hiding behind "no
+majority". Textbook case of consistency being the weaker witness: the number rose
+because the decoder got better.
+
+**The one remaining dirty run** is `_rou_f402_dead` in `Stage_S09`. Its
+degenerate-free block (`0x17AE620`, validates at pad 0) is **claimed by
+`e_rou_f003_Near`** — so distinct assignment blocks it, not a gate. Both are
+24-vertex bounding boxes: the identity class that needs descriptor-level data, not
+another heuristic. A winding-floor escalation for this case was written, measured
+to fire for **nothing** on the disc, and reverted (the comment survives in
+`anchor_pool_mesh`).
+
+**Next target, with the caveat that killed the last attempt:** six containers
+decode `_rou_f402_dead` to a *clean but wrong* block, so several degenerate-free
+candidates exist and file order picks badly. The majority span would separate
+them — but "flag, don't silently rewrite geometry on a vote" still stands, so this
+needs the box-identity data, or a capture of a stage that draws it.
+
+### A capture from a DIFFERENT mission — out-of-sample validation, and how containers get loaded (2026-08-13)
+
+With the stage now selectable from a hand-edited save
+([savegame notes](savegame-format.md#-solved-52-is-the-stage-and-the-save-picks-the-mission-2026-08-13)),
+`ship_capture_close.sh` was run in **story stage 05** (`Lebendorf_far`, the Gallia
+asteroid field) instead of stage 02 — three logs, ~11 200 draws, target
+`UN_f105_TCAF_Cruiser` closed to 1 375 units.
+
+**The pad fix validates out of sample.** These draws had no part in deriving it:
+
+```
+index runs compared: 124 identical · 0 differing · 4 no decoded resource
+2 769 index elements checked against the GPU
+```
+
+So 124/124 index runs from a mission the fix never saw agree byte for byte, on top
+of the 93/93 from the stage-02 capture.
+
+**A mission has SEVERAL stage containers resident, and the drawn buffers split
+between them.** Scoring the same logs against two containers:
+
+| container | its own load constant | drawn buffers placed | what they are |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `Stage_S02.xpr` | `0x17FE3FF4` (same as the stage-02 run) | **65** | the shared TCAF/ADAN fleet — `f105_*`, `e105_*`, `e106_*`, `f106_*`, `_rou_*` |
+| `Stage_S05.xpr` | `0x1927B7F4` | **5** | the **f101 ACROPOLIS** (`bdy_01/02/03`, `eng_01`, `wep_01`) — the mission's escort |
+
+Both sets have exact index counts and exact pool coverage, so both placements are
+real. The split is explained by content, not by guesswork: `f105_bdy_01` is in
+**13 of the 22** stage containers and **not in `Stage_S05.xpr` at all**, while the
+f101 parts the engine drew match S05's own copy. So the resident set follows the
+**mission's unit roster** — every mission that fields the common fleet pulls the
+container that holds it (`Stage_S02.xpr`, the largest at 57 MB), while its own
+container supplies what is unique to it.
+
+**Consequence for the remaining 82–85 misses:** flying a different *story* stage
+is not the same as reaching a different *container*. To cover a specific container
+one has to pick a mission whose roster contains units that live **only** there —
+which is a static question (resource names per container × the stage's
+`EnumUnit_SNN` roster), not another capture run. That is the cheap way to aim the
+next capture, and the first-ever truth rows for a non-`Stage_S02` container (the
+five f101 rows above) show the method works the moment the roster does.
+
+### 🔎 ROOT CAUSE for a never-decoding family: a grouped pool can MIX STRIDES (2026-08-13)
+
+A capture can do more than check anchors — it can name a resource we never decode.
+`capture_ib_truth` now proposes an identity for every drawn buffer our decoder
+cannot place, by matching the buffer's `(vertex, index)` counts against
+**declared-but-not-decoded** resources. In the stage-05 and stage-16 mission
+captures that fired on one buffer, and it identified a member of the
+never-decoding set: **`n201_01` / `_02` / `_03`** in `Stage_S02.xpr` (three of the
+63 resources that decode in no container at all).
+
+The capture pins the whole group. Its four declared markers are
+`(777,4464) (869,4464) (192,576) (869,4464)`, and the drawn offsets are
+
+| sub | vertex buffer | index buffer | indices | verts | **stride** | shader |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| #0 | `0x32BA71C` | `0x32B39FC` | 4464 | 777 | **24** | `0xD2D7612373F4AE3D` |
+| #1 | `0x32BEFF4` | `0x32B5CDC` | 4464 | 869 | **24** | `0xD742809411292720` |
+| #2 | `0x32C416C` | `0x32B7FBC` | 576 | 192 | **24** | `0x57A54C86C90995F8` |
+| #3 | `0x32C536C` | `0x32B843C` | 4464 | 869 | **28** | `0x4F5B7E6C2ED3460A` |
+
+Measured against the file, the layout is **exactly what the decoder assumes**: the
+index buffers pack tightly (`#0` ends where `#1` starts, …), the last one ends
+*flush* at `vb0` (so pad 0, and the pool span 27 936 matches
+`align4`-summed markers to the byte), the vertex buffers are contiguous, and every
+sub-mesh's max index is `verts − 1`. Nothing about the grouping is wrong.
+
+**What is wrong is one stride.** Sub-mesh #3 is stride **28**, not 24 — and each
+sub-mesh has its **own vertex shader**, i.e. its own declaration.
+`anchor_grouped_meshes` parses a *single* declaration per resource and applies its
+stride to the whole pool, so it reads #3 out of phase: dumping that pool at stride
+24 gives 372 non-finite position components out of 2 607, and
+`mesh::debug_grouped_report` at the capture-proven `vb0` reports exactly that —
+`pad 0: position component NaN is not finite/plausible`. The pivot is chosen as the
+largest index count, ties going to the last marker, which lands **on the one
+sub-mesh whose stride is wrong**, so the entire resource is declined.
+
+So this family is not a threshold problem and not an anchoring problem: **the
+descriptor must carry a declaration per sub-mesh**, and reading one for all of them
+is the defect. Next step is to look for those per-sub-mesh declarations in the
+descriptor (the four distinct shader hashes say the game has four), then let the
+grouped path use them.
+
+**Targeting, for the record** (`examples/miss_targets.rs`): of the misses, **63
+decode nowhere** and 13 miss in one container while decoding in another. The
+never-decoding set clusters as `Stage_S16.xpr` 21 (all `e901_wing_05_*`),
+`ptc_pack.xpr` 12 (`.DAT` composites), `Base.xpr` 6 (`g005`, `t170`, `t180`, …),
+then per-stage `n2xx` station groups (S02 `n201`, S06 `n202`, S07 `n203`,
+S09/S25 `n205`, S15 `n207_208`). 58 of the 63 live in exactly one container.
+Flying stage 16 did **not** get the `e901` wings drawn (the boss appears later in
+the mission), which is the next lesson: choosing the mission puts a container in
+memory, but the unit still has to be **on screen** for a draw to exist.
+
+### ✅ The descriptor carries a declaration PER SUB-MESH — worth 38 misses (2026-08-13)
+
+Following the `n201` mixed-stride finding: the descriptor was dumped around every
+index marker (`examples/desc_dump.rs`), and the layout is unambiguous — **each
+marker is followed by its own element triples**, terminated by
+`off=0x00FF0000 / code=0xFFFFFFFF`:
+
+| `n201_01` marker | verts / indices | elements (offset, code) | stride |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `@0x428` | 777 / 4464 | 0 `2A23B9`, 12 `1A2360`, 20 `182886` | 24 |
+| `@0x900` | 869 / 4464 | 0 `2A23B9`, 12 `1A2360`, 20 `2C235F` | 24 |
+| `@0xDD8` | 192 / 576 | 0 `2A23B9`, 12 `1A2360`, 20 `182886` | 24 |
+| `@0x12B0` | 869 / 4464 | 0 `2A23B9`, 12 `1A2360`, 20 `182886`, **24 `2C235F`** | **28** |
+
+That is exactly the capture's `stride=28` on the fourth draw, and it explains the
+four distinct vertex-shader hashes. `parse_vertex_decl` read the **first**
+declaration and applied it to the whole pool; `all_vertex_decls` now reads one per
+marker, and `anchor_grouped_meshes` uses each sub-mesh's own stride for the vertex
+pool walk, the pivot validation and the read.
+
+**Measured with `XBG7_SUBMESH_DECLS=1`:**
+
+| | default | per-sub-mesh declarations |
+|---|---|---|
+| resources that never decode (disc-wide) | 85 | **47** |
+| resources that decode in **no** container | 63 | **30** |
+| capture oracles (`Stage_S02`) | 93/93 runs, 42/42 index counts | **unchanged** |
+| cross-container minority decodes | 96 | 96 |
+| decoded index runs with a degenerate triangle | 1 | 5 |
+
+And `debug_grouped_report` at `n201_01`'s **capture-proven** pool start now reads
+`pad 0: ACCEPTED`, where it used to read `position component NaN` — the block the
+engine draws from is finally acceptable to the decoder.
+
+**Selection had to catch up first** (it now has — see the next section):
+
+* the three `n201_0x` copies all settle on ONE pool, so
+  `tests/mesh_consistency_disc.rs::twin_pairs_do_not_share_a_buffer` fails — a twin
+  collapse is the one thing this project has decided never to ship;
+* production still picks a pool start 4 bytes before sub-mesh **#1** (`0x32BEFF0`)
+  instead of the proven `0x32BA71C`, even though that start **is** in the candidate
+  list, validates at pad 0, and is claimed by nobody in the final output — so the
+  remaining defect is in *choosing* among candidates, not in the format reading;
+* four newly decoded `ptc_pack` `.dat` composites carry degenerate triangles
+  (`f202_break`, `e108_break`, `f106_break`, `eff_s901_e04`) — new coverage of
+  imperfect quality rather than a regression, but not clean either.
+
+So the format question is **settled** (and capture-confirmed), the coverage win is
+real and measured, and what stands between the two is the same
+selection/distinct-assignment machinery that the pad work already improved once.
+That is the next step, with `n201`'s proven offsets as the acceptance test.
+
+### ✅ …and the selection bug it exposed: prefer the candidate that explains the WHOLE pool
+
+With per-sub-mesh declarations on, `n201_01` decoded as a 2-part fragment **4 bytes**
+off. The reason, from `debug_grouped_report` at both offsets:
+
+```
+vb0 0x32BA718 (4 bytes early)   pad 2: ACCEPTED      ← earlier in file order, so first-match took it
+vb0 0x32BA71C (capture-proven)  pad 0: ACCEPTED
+```
+
+Both validate for the **pivot** — the pivot alone cannot separate them. At the early
+one, two of the four sub-meshes then fall out as out-of-range, so the resource decoded
+as a fragment whose first sub-mesh sat at `0x32BEFF0` (= the early `vb0` + 777·24).
+
+`anchor_grouped_meshes` now **builds** each accepted candidate and keeps the one that
+explains the most of the declared pool, returning immediately when a candidate
+explains all `n` sub-meshes and falling back to the best partial otherwise (so it can
+never decode less than first-match did). The result is exact:
+
+| `n201_01` sub-mesh | decoded vertex offset | capture-proven |
+|---|---|---|
+| #0 | `0x32BA71C` | `0x32BA71C` ✅ |
+| #1 | `0x32BEFF4` | `0x32BEFF4` ✅ |
+| #2 | `0x32C416C` | `0x32C416C` ✅ |
+| #3 | `0x32C536C` | `0x32C536C` ✅ |
+
+and `n201_02` / `n201_03` take their own distinct pools (`0x3353BEC`, `0x3388BEC`), so
+the twin collapse is gone.
+
+**Both changes are now the default** (`XBG7_SUBMESH_DECLS=0` reverts the declaration
+reading):
+
+| | before | after |
+|---|---|---|
+| resources that never decode | 85 | **47** |
+| resources decoding in **no** container | 63 | **30** |
+| decoded index runs with a degenerate triangle | 1 | **1** |
+| cross-container minority decodes | 96 | 96 |
+| captured index runs identical, stage-02 capture | 93/93 | **93/93** |
+| captured index runs identical, stage-05 mission capture | 124/128 (4 undecoded) | **128/128** |
+
+The last row is the one that matters most: the four buffers that capture could not
+name are the `n201` family, and now they decode **and** their index runs match the
+GPU byte for byte. Suite green (`twin_pairs_do_not_share_a_buffer` included) apart
+from the pre-existing known-failing cross-container consistency test.
+
+### Where the anchor work stands: 6 247 / 6 294 (99.25 %), and what the residual 47 is
+
+`examples/why_missed.rs` reports the furthest gate for every resource a container
+fails to decode. Disc-wide that is **47 rows / 43 distinct names**, and they are
+not a threshold away — they are mostly **not ship geometry**:
+
+| class | rows | what they are |
+|---|---|---|
+| `e_rou_` / `_rou_` pose & proxy composites | **30** | scene-composite records like `e_rou_e901_attackA_start`, `…_guard_end`, `…_stand` — 24-vertex marker boxes whose extent is **0.010** |
+| `.DAT` particle composites (`ptc_pack`) | 6 | `h309.DAT`, `m001_n.DAT`, … — the marker lists that provably do not map onto the stored blocks |
+| damage / LOD variants | 8 | `e101_bdy_02_d` (indices reach 13 171 of 15 430 vertices), `e901_wing_05_*_m`, … |
+| props / other | 3 | `g005` (extent 0.196), `_rou_f001_wep_05`, `e_rou_e005` |
+
+By gate: **extent 32 · coverage 8 · winding 7**. The extent bucket is almost
+entirely the pose-proxy boxes — a 0.010-unit cube is a *marker*, not a mesh, and
+lowering the floor to admit them was measured before and refuted (it bought 2
+resources and cost cross-container consistency). The `e901_wing_05_L/R` pair is the
+one genuinely interesting residual: winding **0.587 / 0.570** against the 0.70 floor,
+which is what a **thin double-sided sheet** looks like when face normals are compared
+to averaged vertex normals — plausible but unproven, and the only way to settle it is
+a capture with the boss on screen (flying stage 16 was not enough: the container is
+resident but the unit never appeared).
+
+So the anchor line of work is **done for practical purposes**: every real mesh the
+engine draws in three captured missions decodes, at the offsets the GPU used, with
+index runs matching byte for byte (93/93 and 128/128).

tools/re-capture/ab_probe.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Which input is the AFTERBURNER, and what does it do?
+
+The definition carries `AB_ConsumeShield_Begin 50`, `AB_ConsumeShield 10` and a set
+of `AB_AV_*` turn caps far below the normal ones (roll 40 vs 125-200 °/s, pitch-up
+30 vs 70-150) — so the burner should cost shield and cut agility. It carries no
+`AB_*Velocity`, so whether it raises the speed target at all is an open question.
+
+Method: hold `RT` (max-speed baseline), then hold each candidate button in turn and
+measure speed over 1-second windows. A button that pushes speed past the RT plateau
+is the burner. Buttons known to do something else are skipped: `RB` is the nose gun,
+`Y` the missile mount, the d-pad the tactical map (see flight-controls-runtime.md).
+
+Usage: ab_probe.py <out.csv> [hold_s]
+"""
+import math, os, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law
+
+def pad(*a):
+    subprocess.run(["vgamepad", *a], capture_output=True)
+
+def windowed(seq, lo, hi):
+    a = [s for s in seq if s[0] >= lo][0]
+    b = [s for s in seq if s[0] <= hi][-1]
+    return math.dist(a[1:], b[1:]) / (b[0] - a[0])
+
+def main():
+    out_csv = sys.argv[1]
+    hold = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 5.0
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}")
+    rows = []
+    pad("trig", "RT", "1.0")          # max-speed baseline for every phase
+    time.sleep(2.0)
+    for label in ("baseline", "A", "B", "X", "LB", "baseline2"):
+        if label.startswith("baseline"):
+            pass
+        else:
+            pad("press", label)
+        seq, t0 = [], time.time()
+        while time.time() - t0 < hold:
+            p = speed_law.pos_at(w.fd, off)
+            seq.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), *p))
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+        if not label.startswith("baseline"):
+            pad("release", label)
+        for s in seq:
+            rows.append((label, *s))
+        try:
+            v = [windowed(seq, t, t + 1.0) for t in range(int(hold) - 1)]
+            print(f"# {label:<10} speed per 1 s window: " + " ".join(f"{x:6.0f}" for x in v))
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"# {label:<10} failed: {e}")
+    pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("reset")
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("phase,t,x,y,z\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print(f"# wrote {out_csv}")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/ab_state_probe.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Find the afterburner by what it COSTS, not by what it speeds up.
+
+`ab_probe.py` held A/B/X/LB at full throttle and none of them moved the speed —
+so either the burner is a different input or it does not raise the speed target
+(the definition has no `AB_*Velocity`, only `AB_AV_*` turn caps and
+`AB_ConsumeShield{,_Begin}` 10 / 50). This looks for the cost instead: sample a
+window of the player object while each candidate is held, and report any float
+that FALLS during the hold and not before it — `AB_ConsumeShield_Begin 50` should
+be a visible step.
+
+Usage: ab_state_probe.py [hold_s]
+"""
+import os, struct, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law
+
+WIN_LO, WIN_HI = 0x100, 0x220          # object window, relative to the position triple
+
+def pad(*a):
+    subprocess.run(["vgamepad", *a], capture_output=True)
+
+def snap(fd, off):
+    b = os.pread(fd, WIN_HI - WIN_LO, off + WIN_LO)
+    return [struct.unpack_from(">f", b, i)[0] for i in range(0, len(b) - 3, 4)]
+
+def main():
+    hold = float(sys.argv[1]) if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 4.0
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}; window {WIN_LO:#x}..{WIN_HI:#x}")
+    pad("trig", "RT", "1.0")
+    time.sleep(1.5)
+    for btn in ("LS", "RS", "A", "B", "X", "LB"):
+        before = snap(w.fd, off)
+        pad("press", btn)
+        time.sleep(hold)
+        during = snap(w.fd, off)
+        pad("release", btn)
+        time.sleep(1.0)
+        after = snap(w.fd, off)
+        drops = []
+        for i, (b, d, a) in enumerate(zip(before, during, after)):
+            # a float that fell while held and did not fall further after release
+            if b - d > 1.0 and (a - d) > -1.0 and abs(b) < 1e6:
+                drops.append((WIN_LO + i * 4, round(b, 1), round(d, 1), round(a, 1)))
+        tag = ", ".join(f"{o:#05x}: {b}->{d}->{a}" for o, b, d, a in drops[:4]) or "nothing fell"
+        print(f"# {btn:<3} {tag}")
+    pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("reset")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/axis_probe.py

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Which pad input drives which rotation axis — all three measured at once.
+
+The control mapping was left with **yaw ❔ "no input found"**: `AV_Yaw_*` exists in
+the definitions (45/25) but no stick appeared to yaw. That conclusion came from
+probes that measured one axis at a time using a non-forward matrix row, which is
+exactly the flaw that made roll and pitch produce identical numbers — a row like
+that moves under *any* rotation, so "this input yaws" and "this input pitches"
+cannot be told apart by it.
+
+So decompose properly. For each small step, with the previous frame's orthonormal
+rows `(f, u, w)` = forward, up, right:
+
+    roll  = atan2(u_new . w_old, u_new . u_old)     rotation of UP about forward
+    yaw   = atan2(f_new . w_old, f_new . f_old)     rotation of FORWARD about up
+    pitch = atan2(f_new . u_old, f_new . f_old)     rotation of FORWARD about right
+
+Each drops the components the other two produce, so one held input yields three
+numbers and the axis it actually drives is whichever is large.
+
+Every candidate is held with the file pad, which writes the WHOLE state at once —
+so `rx` really means right-stick-X with every other channel exactly zero, which a
+quantising virtual stick could not promise.
+
+⚠️ TWO THINGS THIS PROBE DOES NOT YET HANDLE, both learned the hard way:
+
+1. **The craft can DIE mid-run.** Holding a stick at full deflection spins the ship
+   at 150-200 deg/s in a live combat mission; two minutes of that and the first run
+   ended on GAME OVER. Inputs measured after that point are meaningless, and the
+   symptom is only "0 player candidates, best displacement 0.000" *afterwards* --
+   the earlier rows still look fine. Check the player is alive BETWEEN inputs, or
+   probe somewhere nothing shoots back.
+2. **Which row is UP and which is RIGHT is not pinned.** `entities2` measures that
+   row 2 is forward (against velocity), but rows 0 and 1 are assigned by the D3D
+   convention, not by evidence. Roll is unaffected -- rotation of either non-forward
+   row within their shared plane is roll either way -- but YAW and PITCH swap if the
+   convention is wrong, so this probe's last two columns are named on an assumption.
+
+Usage: axis_probe.py <out.csv> [dwell_s]
+"""
+import json
+import math
+import os
+import struct
+import sys
+import time
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law  # noqa: E402
+
+PAD_FILE = os.environ.get("XENIA_PAD_FILE", "/tmp/xenia_pad.txt")
+
+# Candidates. Sticks at full deflection, shoulders as buttons. Triggers are the
+# throttle (already settled) and are left out.
+# Order matters: the craft can be shot down mid-run, so the UNKNOWN inputs go
+# first while it is healthy and the already-established ones (lx = roll) go last
+# as controls. A row measured after death looks like a clean zero.
+CANDIDATES = [
+    ("rx+", {"rx": 32767}),
+    ("ry+", {"ry": 32767}),
+    ("LB", {"press": "LB"}),
+    ("RB", {"press": "RB"}),
+    ("lx+", {"lx": 32767}),
+    ("ly+", {"ly": 32767}),
+]
+
+
+def pad_state(**kw):
+    parts = [f"{k}={v}" for k, v in kw.items() if v is not None]
+    tmp = PAD_FILE + ".tmp"
+    with open(tmp, "w") as f:
+        f.write(" ".join(parts))
+    os.replace(tmp, PAD_FILE)
+
+
+def rows_at(fd, off, cfg):
+    base = off + cfg["rot_delta"]
+    out = []
+    for r in range(3):
+        v = struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(fd, 12, base + r * cfg["rot_stride"]))
+        n = math.sqrt(sum(c * c for c in v)) or 1.0
+        out.append(tuple(c / n for c in v))
+    return out
+
+
+def dot(a, b):
+    return sum(a[i] * b[i] for i in range(3))
+
+
+def alive(w, off, cfg, secs=1.0):
+    """Is the craft still flying? A destroyed craft stops moving, and every
+    subsequent input then measures a clean, meaningless zero — the failure mode
+    that invalidated this probe's first run (it ended on GAME OVER and only said
+    so afterwards)."""
+    p0 = struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(w.fd, 12, off))
+    time.sleep(secs)
+    p1 = struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(w.fd, 12, off))
+    return math.dist(p0, p1) > 1.0
+
+
+def pin_rows(w, off, cfg):
+    """Which non-forward row is UP and which is RIGHT?
+
+    `entities2` measures row 2 = forward against the velocity vector, but the other
+    two are assigned by the D3D convention rather than evidence — and yaw and pitch
+    SWAP if that is wrong, so naming them without this test is a guess.
+
+    Discriminator: in level flight the craft's up-vector points along world +Y and
+    its right-vector lies near the horizontal plane. Sample at neutral and compare
+    |world-Y| across the rows."""
+    f_i = cfg["fwd_row"]
+    acc = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+    n = 0
+    for _ in range(20):
+        time.sleep(0.05)
+        rs = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg)
+        for r in range(3):
+            acc[r] += rs[r][1]          # world Y component
+        n += 1
+    ys = [a / n for a in acc]
+    cand = [r for r in (0, 1, 2) if r != f_i]
+    up_i = max(cand, key=lambda r: abs(ys[r]))
+    right_i = [r for r in cand if r != up_i][0]
+    print(f"# row world-Y means: {[round(y,3) for y in ys]}  (forward = row {f_i})")
+    margin = abs(ys[up_i]) - abs(ys[right_i])
+    ok = margin > 0.3
+    print(f"#   -> up = row {up_i}, right = row {right_i}   margin {margin:.3f}   "
+          f"{'CONFIDENT' if ok else 'WEAK — craft is not level'}")
+    if not ok and os.environ.get("ALLOW_WEAK_PIN") != "1":
+        sys.exit("refusing to measure with a WEAK row pin — fly level first, or set "
+                 "ALLOW_WEAK_PIN=1 if the caller genuinely does not care "
+                 "(roll is immune to the labelling; pitch and yaw are not)")
+    return up_i, right_i
+
+
+def main():
+    out_csv = sys.argv[1]
+    dwell = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 5.0
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}")
+    f_i = cfg["fwd_row"]
+    if not alive(w, off, cfg):
+        sys.exit("craft is not moving at the start — not in flight, or already dead")
+    u_i, w_i = pin_rows(w, off, cfg)
+
+    rows = []
+    print(f"# {'input':<6} {'roll':>9} {'yaw':>9} {'pitch':>9}   (deg over the dwell)")
+    for label, state in CANDIDATES:
+        pad_state()               # neutral
+        time.sleep(2.0)
+        prev = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg)
+        pad_state(**state)
+        t0 = time.time()
+        sw = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+        while time.time() - t0 < dwell:
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+            cur = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg)
+            roll = math.degrees(math.atan2(dot(cur[u_i], prev[w_i]), dot(cur[u_i], prev[u_i])))
+            yaw = math.degrees(math.atan2(dot(cur[f_i], prev[w_i]), dot(cur[f_i], prev[f_i])))
+            pitch = math.degrees(math.atan2(dot(cur[f_i], prev[u_i]), dot(cur[f_i], prev[f_i])))
+            for k, v in enumerate((roll, yaw, pitch)):
+                sw[k] += abs(v)
+            prev = cur
+        pad_state()
+        wall = time.time() - t0
+        if not alive(w, off, cfg):
+            print(f"# CRAFT STOPPED MOVING after {label} — everything from here is "
+                  f"meaningless, aborting rather than reporting zeros")
+            break
+        rate = [v / wall for v in sw]
+        rows.append((label, *[round(v, 2) for v in rate]))
+        print(f"# {label:<6} {rate[0]:9.1f} {rate[1]:9.1f} {rate[2]:9.1f}   deg/wall-s")
+        time.sleep(1.5)
+
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("input,roll_deg_s,yaw_deg_s,pitch_deg_s\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print(f"# wrote {out_csv}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

tools/re-capture/burst_probe.py

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Angular rate at a KNOWN, SETTLED speed — short bursts instead of one sweep.
+
+Why not a sweep: turning bleeds speed hard (1 193 -> 589 in 8 s at full throttle),
+so a long hold averages a rate over a moving speed and lands between two different
+caps. A sweep *driven* by that bleed also cannot dwell at either extreme, which is
+exactly where a speed-dependent law is most testable.
+
+So: settle the throttle, measure the settled speed, then pitch for only ~1 second.
+The speed barely moves inside a burst, so each burst is one honest `(speed, rate)`
+point. Three throttle settings give three clean points at known speeds.
+
+Row pinning is done ONCE while the craft is still level — the pin decides which
+matrix ROW is up and which is right, which is a property of the layout, not of the
+current attitude, so it stays valid after the craft has been thrown around.
+
+Accumulation is windowed over the whole burst (never per-read): polling is faster
+than the guest updates these fields, so a per-read delta is either zero or a whole
+frame divided by a fraction of one — that aliasing once manufactured an entire
+rate-vs-speed curve.
+
+Usage: burst_probe.py <roll|pitch> <out.csv> [burst_s] [repeats]
+"""
+import json
+import math
+import os
+import struct
+import sys
+import time
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law  # noqa: E402
+from axis_probe import alive, pad_state, pin_rows, rows_at, dot  # noqa: E402
+
+DRIVER = {"roll": {"lx": 32767}, "pitch": {"ly": 32767}}
+THROTTLES = [("min", {"lt": 255}), ("cruise", {}), ("max", {"rt": 255})]
+
+
+def pos_at(fd, off):
+    return struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(fd, 12, off))
+
+
+def measure(w, off, cfg, axis, u_i, w_i, f_i, hold, secs):
+    """Accumulate path length and swept angle over one interval."""
+    prev_r, prev_p = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg), pos_at(w.fd, off)
+    t0 = time.time()
+    path = swept = 0.0
+    while time.time() - t0 < secs:
+        time.sleep(0.02)
+        cur_r, cur_p = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg), pos_at(w.fd, off)
+        path += math.dist(cur_p, prev_p)
+        if axis == "roll":
+            d = math.atan2(dot(cur_r[u_i], prev_r[w_i]), dot(cur_r[u_i], prev_r[u_i]))
+        else:
+            d = math.atan2(dot(cur_r[f_i], prev_r[u_i]), dot(cur_r[f_i], prev_r[f_i]))
+        swept += abs(math.degrees(d))
+        prev_r, prev_p = cur_r, cur_p
+    span = time.time() - t0
+    return path / span, swept / span
+
+
+def main():
+    axis, out_csv = sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2]
+    burst = float(sys.argv[3]) if len(sys.argv) > 3 else 1.0
+    reps = int(sys.argv[4]) if len(sys.argv) > 4 else 3
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found")
+    f_i = cfg["fwd_row"]
+    if not alive(w, off, cfg):
+        sys.exit("craft is not moving")
+    u_i, w_i = pin_rows(w, off, cfg)          # once, while level
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}, {axis} in {burst}s bursts x{reps}")
+
+    # ⚠️ Gap in the first run of this probe: it did NOT bracket the HUD clock, so
+    # the absolute deg/GAME-second could not be computed and only the (clock-free)
+    # min:max ratio was usable. Screenshot the HUD at the start and end.
+    import subprocess
+    subprocess.run(["screenshot", "/sylph-home/re/shots/burst_clock_a.png"],
+                   capture_output=True)
+
+    rows = []
+    for tname, tstate in THROTTLES:
+        for rep in range(reps):
+            pad_state(**tstate)
+            time.sleep(6.0)                    # settle the throttle, wings level-ish
+            settled, _ = measure(w, off, cfg, axis, u_i, w_i, f_i, None, 1.0)
+            pad_state(**tstate, **DRIVER[axis])
+            bspeed, rate = measure(w, off, cfg, axis, u_i, w_i, f_i, None, burst)
+            pad_state(**tstate)
+            rows.append((tname, rep, round(settled, 1), round(bspeed, 1), round(rate, 2)))
+            print(f"#   {tname:<6} rep{rep}  settled {settled:7.1f}  "
+                  f"during {bspeed:7.1f}  rate {rate:6.1f} deg/wall-s")
+            if not alive(w, off, cfg):
+                print("#   CRAFT STOPPED MOVING — aborting")
+                pad_state()
+                break
+        else:
+            continue
+        break
+    pad_state()
+    subprocess.run(["screenshot", "/sylph-home/re/shots/burst_clock_b.png"],
+                   capture_output=True)
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("throttle,rep,settled_speed,burst_speed,rate_deg_per_wall_s\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print(f"# wrote {out_csv}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

tools/re-capture/challenge_probe.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Probe the challenge-mission gate on the running game.
+#
+# The gate (docs/re/challenge-mission-gate.md): GamePart_ChallengeMission tests a
+# CLEARED-STAGE bitmask on a static singleton at guest 0x828F4070 —
+#   word A 0x828F40C0  bit = stage id, for ids < 24  (story 1-16, tutorial 18-23)
+#   word B 0x828F4814  bit = stage id - 24           (challenge 24-29)
+# so setting every bit should make all six challenge missions available without
+# playing the campaign.
+#
+# POKE=1 (default) sets both words; POKE=0 runs the identical navigation without
+# touching them. Run it BOTH ways: the first poked run hit a Xenia heap failure on
+# the way into MISSION SELECT, and only the control says whether that failure has
+# anything to do with the poke.
+#
+# Runs as ONE blocking foreground call on purpose: setsid'd processes are reaped
+# at turn boundaries, so a session split across calls loses its emulator.
+#
+# Usage: [POKE=0|1] [TAG=name] challenge_probe.sh [boot_timeout_s]
+set -u
+export HOME=/sylph-home/re
+export DISPLAY=:99
+export SDL_AUDIODRIVER=dummy
+export XENIA_PAD_FILE=/tmp/xenia_pad.txt
+
+HERE="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+pad()  { python3 "$HERE/pad.py"   "$@"; }
+poke() { python3 "$HERE/gpoke.py" "$@"; }
+SHOTS="$HOME/shots"
+BOOT_TIMEOUT="${1:-400}"
+POKE="${POKE:-1}"
+POKE_A="${POKE_A:-0x0001FFFE}"   # stages 1-16 cleared
+POKE_B="${POKE_B:-0x0000003F}"   # challenge stages 24-29 cleared
+TAG="${TAG:-$([ "$POKE" = 1 ] && echo poked || echo control)}"
+mkdir -p "$SHOTS"
+
+say() { echo "[$(date +%H:%M:%S)] $*"; }
+shot() { screenshot "$SHOTS/chal-$TAG-$1.png" >/dev/null 2>&1; }
+
+# --- clean slate -------------------------------------------------------------
+pkill -9 -x xenia_canary 2>/dev/null
+sleep 1
+rm -f /dev/shm/xenia_* 2>/dev/null
+: > "$XENIA_PAD_FILE"
+LOG="$HOME/canary.stdout"
+
+# --- launch ------------------------------------------------------------------
+say "launching canary (lavapipe, file pad) — POKE=$POKE tag=$TAG"
+run-canary --audio --apu=sdl --log_mask=13 \
+  --logged_profile_slot_0_xuid=E0300000EFBEA3D4 \
+  --hid=file --pad_file="$XENIA_PAD_FILE" &
+
+# Xvfb keeps the LAST instance's framebuffer until the new one draws, so a
+# screenshot taken seconds after launch shows the PREVIOUS run's screen. That is
+# how a control run once reported "MAIN MENU reached after 1s" against a menu
+# belonging to a process that no longer existed. Blank the root, and refuse to
+# believe any screen oracle until the emulator has had time to draw its own.
+xsetroot -solid black 2>/dev/null || true
+LAUNCH_GRACE=40
+
+# --- reach the MAIN MENU, verifying instead of pressing blind ----------------
+# Two oracles, both sampled from real screenshots:
+#   title screen : green "PRESS (A) BUTTON" glyph at (625,618)
+#   main menu    : the "NEW GAME" text at (648,221) is pure white (254,254,254),
+#                  where the title has the yellow planet (208,189,88)
+# The first control run pressed A while the ATTRACT MOVIE happened to show a
+# greenish pixel at the title-glyph spot, then navigated a menu that was never
+# open and reported "0 failures" for a screen it never reached. Verify the menu.
+px() { convert /tmp/nav-probe.png -format \
+       "%[fx:int(255*p{$1}.r)] %[fx:int(255*p{$1}.g)] %[fx:int(255*p{$1}.b)]" info: 2>/dev/null; }
+
+# A screen is identified by a PATTERN of sampled points, never by one pixel. A
+# single "is (648,221) white?" test matched a white loading flash, and the run
+# then navigated a menu that was not on screen -- the same class of mistake as
+# trusting the stale framebuffer. Require the menu's contrast: white "NEW GAME"
+# text AND the dark blue panel behind it.
+at_menu() {
+  screenshot /tmp/nav-probe.png >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 1
+  read -r r g b < <(px "648,221")     # NEW GAME text: white
+  [ -n "${r:-}" ] || return 1
+  [ "$r" -gt 230 ] && [ "$g" -gt 230 ] && [ "$b" -gt 230 ] || return 1
+  read -r r2 g2 b2 < <(px "560,300")  # panel left of LOAD GAME: dark blue
+  [ -n "${r2:-}" ] || return 1
+  [ "$r2" -lt 120 ] && [ "$b2" -gt "$r2" ]
+}
+at_title() {
+  screenshot /tmp/nav-probe.png >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 1
+  read -r r g b < <(px "625,618")
+  [ -n "${g:-}" ] && [ "$g" -gt 130 ] && [ $((g - r)) -gt 45 ] && [ $((g - b)) -gt 45 ]
+}
+
+say "waiting for the main menu (up to ${BOOT_TIMEOUT}s)"
+MENU=0
+for i in $(seq 1 "$BOOT_TIMEOUT"); do
+  if [ "$i" -lt "$LAUNCH_GRACE" ]; then sleep 1; continue; fi
+  if at_menu && sleep 1 && at_menu; then say "MAIN MENU reached after ${i}s"; MENU=1; break; fi
+  if at_title; then say "  title visible — tapping A"; pad tap A 0.25; sleep 2; fi
+  sleep 1
+done
+[ "$MENU" = 1 ] || { say "TIMEOUT: never reached the main menu"; shot 00-timeout; exit 1; }
+shot 01-mainmenu
+
+say "gate words:"
+poke r32 0x828F40C0 1
+poke r32 0x828F4814 1
+
+if [ "$POKE" = 1 ]; then
+  # Default to REAL stage ids only. 0xFFFFFFFF claims stages that do not exist
+  # (0, 17, and 24-31 in word A), and that run blew the guest heap:
+  # MmAllocatePhysicalMemoryEx could not satisfy 128 MB and the guest threw.
+  # Word A bits 1..16 = the story campaign; 18..23 would be the tutorials.
+  say "poking word A = $POKE_A, word B = $POKE_B"
+  poke w32 0x828F40C0 "$POKE_A"
+  poke w32 0x828F4814 "$POKE_B"
+else
+  say "control run — leaving the words untouched"
+fi
+
+# --- main menu -> EXTRAS -----------------------------------------------------
+# NEW GAME / LOAD GAME / TUTORIAL / OPTIONS / EXTRAS
+for _ in 1 2 3 4; do pad dpad down 0.06; sleep 0.35; done
+sleep 0.5
+pad tap A 0.15
+sleep 3
+shot 02-extras
+
+# --- EXTRAS -> MISSION SELECT ------------------------------------------------
+ALLOC_BEFORE=$(grep -c 'MmAllocatePhysicalMemoryEx: Allocation failed' "$LOG" 2>/dev/null | head -1)
+pad tap A 0.15
+sleep 4
+shot 03-missionselect
+ALLOC_AFTER=$(grep -c 'MmAllocatePhysicalMemoryEx: Allocation failed' "$LOG" 2>/dev/null | head -1)
+
+say "MmAllocatePhysicalMemoryEx failures: before=$ALLOC_BEFORE after=$ALLOC_AFTER"
+say "guest C++ exceptions: $(grep -c 'Guest attempted to throw a C++ exception' "$LOG" 2>/dev/null | head -1)"
+say "shots: $SHOTS/chal-$TAG-*.png"
+say "done — emulator left running"

tools/re-capture/cruise_ratio.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Pin the world-unit / displayed-speed ratio at the one unambiguous point.
+
+At neutral throttle the HUD reads exactly `CruisingVelocity` (350 for the player),
+so no digit-reading is needed to know the game's own number — only a clean
+measurement of how far the craft actually travels in world units.
+
+Cleanliness matters more than length here: earlier ratios (1.19–1.29) were sampled
+in a firefight where the craft is shoved around, and with a stick input the path is
+longer than the displacement. So this flies straight, holds neutral throttle, and
+takes ONE long displacement over a 20 s window, plus screenshots at both ends to
+confirm the HUD never moved off 350.
+
+Usage: cruise_ratio.py [window_s]
+"""
+import math, os, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law
+
+CRUISE = 350.0          # UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T_Player CruisingVelocity
+
+def pad(*a):
+    subprocess.run(["vgamepad", *a], capture_output=True)
+
+def shot(name):
+    subprocess.run(["screenshot", f"/sylph-home/re/shots/{name}.png"], capture_output=True)
+
+def main():
+    win = float(sys.argv[1]) if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 20.0
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}")
+    pad("reset")
+    pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0")
+    time.sleep(6.0)                     # settle at cruise, sticks centred
+    shot("cruise_start")
+    p0, t0 = speed_law.pos_at(w.fd, off), time.time()
+    samples = [(0.0, *p0)]
+    while time.time() - t0 < win:
+        time.sleep(0.25)
+        samples.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), *speed_law.pos_at(w.fd, off)))
+    shot("cruise_end")
+    p1, t1 = samples[-1][1:], samples[-1][0]
+    disp = math.dist(p0, p1)
+    path = sum(math.dist(samples[i][1:], samples[i + 1][1:]) for i in range(len(samples) - 1))
+    print(f"# window {t1:.1f}s   displacement {disp:8.0f}   path {path:8.0f}   "
+          f"straightness {disp / path:.3f}")
+    print(f"# speed by displacement {disp / t1:7.1f}/s   by path {path / t1:7.1f}/s")
+    print(f"# ratio vs HUD {CRUISE:.0f}:  displacement {disp / t1 / CRUISE:.3f}   path {path / t1 / CRUISE:.3f}")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/diff_words.py

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Find guest addresses holding one value in snapshot A and another in snapshot B.
+
+The classic differential search, which is how you locate a field whose ADDRESS is
+unknown but whose VALUE is known at two moments. Used here for the GamePart slot:
+`GP_EXTRAS` = 5 on the extras screen, `GP_MISSION_SELECT` = 7 on the next one, so
+the slot is a word that reads 5 then 7.
+
+Both snapshots are sparse copies of `/dev/shm/xenia_memory_*`, so the ~4.6 GB of
+holes cost nothing: walk A's allocated extents with SEEK_DATA and only look at B
+where A already matched.
+
+    diff_words.py <snapA> <valA> <snapB> <valB> [--near <va> <span>]
+"""
+import os
+import struct
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+from gmem import off_to_vas  # noqa: E402
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) < 5:
+        print(__doc__)
+        return 1
+    pa, va_, pb, vb_ = sys.argv[1], int(sys.argv[2], 0), sys.argv[3], int(sys.argv[4], 0)
+    pat_a = struct.pack(">I", va_)
+    fa, fb = open(pa, "rb"), open(pb, "rb")
+    size = min(os.path.getsize(pa), os.path.getsize(pb))
+
+    hits, scanned = [], 0
+    off = 0
+    while off < size:
+        try:
+            off = os.lseek(fa.fileno(), off, os.SEEK_DATA)
+        except OSError:
+            break
+        if off >= size:
+            break
+        try:
+            end = min(os.lseek(fa.fileno(), off, os.SEEK_HOLE), size)
+        except OSError:
+            end = size
+        while off < end:
+            n = min(1 << 22, end - off)
+            fa.seek(off)
+            buf = fa.read(n)
+            scanned += len(buf)
+            i = 0
+            while True:
+                i = buf.find(pat_a, i)
+                if i < 0:
+                    break
+                p = off + i
+                if p % 4 == 0:
+                    fb.seek(p)
+                    if fb.read(4) == struct.pack(">I", vb_):
+                        hits.append(p)
+                i += 1
+            off += n
+
+    print(f"scanned {scanned/1e6:.0f} MB of allocated guest memory")
+    print(f"addresses reading {va_} in A and {vb_} in B: {len(hits)}")
+    for h in hits[:40]:
+        vas = off_to_vas(h)
+        print(f"   file off {h:#012x}   guest VA {[hex(v) for v in vas][:2]}")
+    if len(hits) > 40:
+        print(f"   … and {len(hits)-40} more")
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

tools/re-capture/entities2.py

@@ -145,7 +145,18 @@ def main():
         return
 
     if cmd == "self":
+        # The "_Player" suffix is STAGE-SPECIFIC. Stage 02 fields
+        # UN_f002_TCAF_DeltaSaber_W_Player, but stage 01 fields
+        # UN_f001_TCAF_DeltaSaber_T with no suffix at all, and this filter then
+        # found nothing while the game was visibly flying. Fall back to the
+        # player's craft class and prefer the instance that is actually moving —
+        # a mission holds more than one.
         me = [e for e in ents if "Player" in e[1]]
+        if not me:
+            me = [e for e in ents if "DeltaSaber" in e[1] or "ArrowHead" in e[1]]
+            me.sort(key=lambda e: -e[3])  # fastest first: the flown one
+            if me:
+                print(f"# no *_Player entity; falling back to craft class -> {me[0][1]}")
         if not me:
             sys.exit("player entity not found")
         off, nm, pos, sp = me[0]

tools/re-capture/find_partslot.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Locate the GamePart "slot" in guest memory by DIFFERENTIAL SEARCH.
+#
+# sub_821749C0 creates a part from slot+12 (the requested part id) and stores the
+# result at *(slot+16). The id is computed from a menu selection -- no literal 26
+# exists anywhere -- so it cannot be found statically. But the id is KNOWN at each
+# screen from the GamePart table (docs/re/challenge-mission-gate.md section 3):
+#
+#     GP_EXTRAS = 5      GP_MISSION_SELECT = 7
+#
+# so the slot is simply the word that reads 5 on the EXTRAS screen and 7 on the
+# MISSION SELECT screen. Snapshot both, intersect, and the candidates are few.
+#
+# Usage: find_partslot.sh [boot_timeout_s]
+set -u
+export HOME=/sylph-home/re DISPLAY=:99 SDL_AUDIODRIVER=dummy
+export XENIA_PAD_FILE=/tmp/xenia_pad.txt
+HERE="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+pad()  { python3 "$HERE/pad.py"   "$@"; }
+poke() { python3 "$HERE/gpoke.py" "$@"; }
+BOOT_TIMEOUT="${1:-400}"
+say()  { echo "[$(date +%H:%M:%S)] $*"; }
+px()   { convert /tmp/nav-probe.png -format \
+         "%[fx:int(255*p{$1}.r)] %[fx:int(255*p{$1}.g)] %[fx:int(255*p{$1}.b)]" info: 2>/dev/null; }
+at_menu() {
+  screenshot /tmp/nav-probe.png >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 1
+  read -r r g b < <(px "648,221"); [ -n "${r:-}" ] || return 1
+  [ "$r" -gt 230 ] && [ "$g" -gt 230 ] && [ "$b" -gt 230 ] || return 1
+  read -r r2 g2 b2 < <(px "560,300"); [ -n "${r2:-}" ] || return 1
+  [ "$r2" -lt 120 ] && [ "$b2" -gt "$r2" ]
+}
+at_title() {
+  screenshot /tmp/nav-probe.png >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 1
+  read -r r g b < <(px "625,618"); [ -n "${g:-}" ] || return 1
+  [ "$g" -gt 130 ] && [ $((g - r)) -gt 45 ] && [ $((g - b)) -gt 45 ]
+}
+snap() { SHM=$(ls /dev/shm/xenia_memory_* 2>/dev/null | head -1); cp --sparse=always "$SHM" "$1"; }
+
+pkill -9 -x xenia_canary 2>/dev/null; sleep 1
+rm -f /dev/shm/xenia_* 2>/dev/null; : > "$XENIA_PAD_FILE"
+say "launching"
+run-canary --audio --apu=sdl --log_mask=13 \
+  --logged_profile_slot_0_xuid=E0300000EFBEA3D4 \
+  --hid=file --pad_file="$XENIA_PAD_FILE" &
+xsetroot -solid black 2>/dev/null || true
+
+MENU=0
+for i in $(seq 1 "$BOOT_TIMEOUT"); do
+  [ "$i" -lt 40 ] && { sleep 1; continue; }
+  if at_menu && sleep 1 && at_menu; then say "MAIN MENU after ${i}s"; MENU=1; break; fi
+  at_title && { say "  title — tapping A"; pad tap A 0.25; sleep 2; }
+  sleep 1
+done
+[ "$MENU" = 1 ] || { say "TIMEOUT"; exit 1; }
+
+say "-> EXTRAS (GamePart 5)"
+for _ in 1 2 3 4; do pad dpad down 0.06; sleep 0.35; done
+sleep 0.5; pad tap A 0.15; sleep 4
+screenshot "$HOME/shots/slot-01-extras.png" >/dev/null
+snap /sylph-home/re/snap-extras.bin; say "snapshot A (EXTRAS) taken"
+
+say "-> MISSION SELECT (GamePart 7)"
+pad tap A 0.15; sleep 5
+screenshot "$HOME/shots/slot-02-missionselect.png" >/dev/null
+snap /sylph-home/re/snap-msel.bin; say "snapshot B (MISSION SELECT) taken"
+
+say "intersecting: word == 5 in A and == 7 in B"
+python3 "$HERE/diff_words.py" /sylph-home/re/snap-extras.bin 5 /sylph-home/re/snap-msel.bin 7
+say "done — emulator left running"

tools/re-capture/flight_law2.py

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Two measurements the first flight-model pass left open, in ONE flight.
+
+1. **The `LT` half of the throttle curve** — `RT` was walked 0→1 and gave
+   `target = CruisingVelocity + RT·(MaximumVelocity − CruisingVelocity)`; `LT`
+   should mirror it down to `MinimumVelocity`.
+2. **Roll rate** vs `AV_Roll_{Min,Max}` (200 / 125 °/s). Roll turns the craft about
+   its own forward axis, so the forward vector barely moves (3–5 °/s residual, which
+   is how `LX` was identified as roll at all) — measure a DIFFERENT matrix row.
+
+Binding happens first and fast: the entity scan searches *changing* position
+triples, so it only sees the craft while it still has speed. A mission left idling
+drops out of the scan entirely.
+
+Usage: flight_law2.py <out-prefix> [dwell_s]
+"""
+import json, math, os, struct, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law
+
+def pad(*a):
+    subprocess.run(["vgamepad", *a], capture_output=True)
+
+def row_at(fd, off, cfg, row):
+    at = off + cfg["rot_delta"] + row * cfg["rot_stride"]
+    v = struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(fd, 12, at))
+    n = math.sqrt(sum(c * c for c in v)) or 1.0
+    return tuple(c / n for c in v)
+
+def ang(a, b):
+    d = max(-1.0, min(1.0, sum(a[i] * b[i] for i in range(3))))
+    return math.degrees(math.acos(d))
+
+def main():
+    prefix = sys.argv[1]
+    dwell = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 4.0
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}")
+
+    # ── 1. LT curve (speed from position) ─────────────────────────────────────
+    lt_rows = []
+    for v in (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0):
+        pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", str(v))
+        time.sleep(2.0)
+        seq, t0 = [], time.time()
+        while time.time() - t0 < dwell:
+            seq.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), *speed_law.pos_at(w.fd, off)))
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+        lt_rows += [(v, *s) for s in seq]
+        a, b = seq[0], seq[-1]
+        print(f"# LT={v:<5} speed {math.dist(a[1:], b[1:]) / (b[0] - a[0]):7.0f}/s")
+
+    # ── 2. Roll rate, measured on a non-forward row ───────────────────────────
+    roll_rows = []
+    other = 1 if cfg.get("fwd_row", 0) != 1 else 2
+    for label, trig in (("slow_roll", "LT"), ("fast_roll", "RT")):
+        pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0")
+        pad("trig", trig, "1.0")
+        time.sleep(2.0)
+        pad("axis", "LX", "1.0")
+        seq, t0 = [], time.time()
+        while time.time() - t0 < dwell:
+            seq.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), *row_at(w.fd, off, cfg, other)))
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+        pad("axis", "LX", "0.0")
+        roll_rows += [(label, *s) for s in seq]
+        rates = []
+        for t in range(int(dwell) - 1):
+            a = [s for s in seq if s[0] >= t][0]
+            b = [s for s in seq if s[0] <= t + 1][-1]
+            rates.append(ang(a[1:], b[1:]) / (b[0] - a[0]))
+        print(f"# {label:<10} row {other} turn rate: " + " ".join(f"{r:6.1f}" for r in rates) + " deg/s")
+    pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0"); pad("reset")
+
+    with open(prefix + "-lt.csv", "w") as f:
+        f.write("lt,t,x,y,z\n")
+        for r in lt_rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    with open(prefix + "-roll.csv", "w") as f:
+        f.write("phase,t,ux,uy,uz\n")
+        for r in roll_rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print(f"# wrote {prefix}-lt.csv and {prefix}-roll.csv")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/flight_law3.py

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Is the `_Min`/`_Max` pair a LERP on speed, and is roll really speed-independent?
+
+Pitch measured 87 deg/s at minimum speed and 54 at maximum, against
+`AV_PitchMinus_{Min,Max}` 75/40 — consistent with either a two-state switch or an
+interpolation. A THIRD point settles it: at half throttle the craft sits midway
+between cruise and maximum, so an interpolation must put the pitch rate between the
+two, while a switch cannot.
+
+Roll measured ~144 and ~150 in the two regimes, but only 2 s apart — not enough
+settle for a 126 -> 1342 speed change. Here every phase settles 5 s.
+
+Usage: flight_law3.py <out.csv> [dwell_s]
+"""
+import json, math, os, struct, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law
+
+SETTLE = 5.0
+
+def pad(*a):
+    subprocess.run(["vgamepad", *a], capture_output=True)
+
+def row_at(fd, off, cfg, row):
+    at = off + cfg["rot_delta"] + row * cfg["rot_stride"]
+    v = struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(fd, 12, at))
+    n = math.sqrt(sum(c * c for c in v)) or 1.0
+    return tuple(c / n for c in v)
+
+def ang(a, b):
+    return math.degrees(math.acos(max(-1.0, min(1.0, sum(a[i] * b[i] for i in range(3))))))
+
+def main():
+    out_csv = sys.argv[1]
+    dwell = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 4.0
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}")
+    fwd, other = cfg.get("fwd_row", 0), (1 if cfg.get("fwd_row", 0) != 1 else 2)
+    rows = []
+    phases = [
+        # label,        throttle,        stick,        matrix row to watch
+        ("pitch_slow",  ("LT", 1.0),  ("LY", 1.0),  fwd),
+        ("pitch_mid",   ("RT", 0.5),  ("LY", 1.0),  fwd),
+        ("pitch_fast",  ("RT", 1.0),  ("LY", 1.0),  fwd),
+        ("roll_slow",   ("LT", 1.0),  ("LX", 1.0),  other),
+        ("roll_fast",   ("RT", 1.0),  ("LX", 1.0),  other),
+    ]
+    for label, (trig, tv), (axis, av), row in phases:
+        pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0")
+        pad("axis", "LX", "0.0"); pad("axis", "LY", "0.0")
+        pad("trig", trig, str(tv))
+        time.sleep(SETTLE)                      # 5 s: a full 126 -> 1342 change needs ~2 s
+        # speed at the moment of the turn, so the regime is recorded not assumed
+        p0 = speed_law.pos_at(w.fd, off); time.sleep(0.6); p1 = speed_law.pos_at(w.fd, off)
+        v_at_turn = math.dist(p0, p1) / 0.6
+        pad("axis", axis, str(av))
+        seq, t0 = [], time.time()
+        while time.time() - t0 < dwell:
+            seq.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), *row_at(w.fd, off, cfg, row)))
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+        pad("axis", axis, "0.0")
+        rows += [(label, *s) for s in seq]
+        rates = []
+        for t in range(int(dwell) - 1):
+            a = [s for s in seq if s[0] >= t][0]
+            b = [s for s in seq if s[0] <= t + 1][-1]
+            rates.append(ang(a[1:], b[1:]) / (b[0] - a[0]))
+        mean = sum(rates) / len(rates)
+        print(f"# {label:<11} speed {v_at_turn:6.0f}/s   rate {mean:6.1f} deg/s   " +
+              " ".join(f"{r:5.0f}" for r in rates))
+    pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0"); pad("reset")
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("phase,t,ax,ay,az\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print(f"# wrote {out_csv}")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/fly_stage.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Launch any STORY stage from MISSION SELECT and snapshot guest RAM in flight.
+#
+# Supersedes the save-editing route (patch GHAD +52 in every slot, boot, LOAD
+# GAME, TAKE OFF): poking ONE word marks every story stage cleared, and MISSION
+# SELECT will then launch any of them —
+#   0x828F40C0 = 0x0001FFFE   cleared-stage mask, bits 1..16
+# See docs/re/challenge-mission-gate.md. Nothing is written to disc, so there is
+# no save to back up and restore afterwards.
+#
+# Usage: fly_stage.sh <stage 1..16> [boot_timeout_s]
+set -u
+STAGE="${1:?usage: fly_stage.sh <stage 1..16>}"
+BOOT_TIMEOUT="${2:-400}"
+export HOME=/sylph-home/re DISPLAY=:99 SDL_AUDIODRIVER=dummy
+export XENIA_PAD_FILE=/tmp/xenia_pad.txt
+
+HERE="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+pad()  { python3 "$HERE/pad.py"   "$@"; }
+poke() { python3 "$HERE/gpoke.py" "$@"; }
+SHOTS="$HOME/shots"; mkdir -p "$SHOTS"
+say()  { echo "[$(date +%H:%M:%S)] $*"; }
+shot() { screenshot "$SHOTS/fly$STAGE-$1.png" >/dev/null 2>&1; }
+px()   { convert /tmp/nav-probe.png -format \
+         "%[fx:int(255*p{$1}.r)] %[fx:int(255*p{$1}.g)] %[fx:int(255*p{$1}.b)]" info: 2>/dev/null; }
+
+# A screen is identified by a PATTERN of points, never one pixel — a single
+# bright-pixel test once matched a white loading flash and the run navigated a
+# menu that was not on screen.
+at_menu() {
+  screenshot /tmp/nav-probe.png >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 1
+  read -r r g b < <(px "648,221"); [ -n "${r:-}" ] || return 1
+  [ "$r" -gt 230 ] && [ "$g" -gt 230 ] && [ "$b" -gt 230 ] || return 1
+  read -r r2 g2 b2 < <(px "560,300"); [ -n "${r2:-}" ] || return 1
+  [ "$r2" -lt 120 ] && [ "$b2" -gt "$r2" ]
+}
+at_title() {
+  screenshot /tmp/nav-probe.png >/dev/null 2>&1 || return 1
+  read -r r g b < <(px "625,618"); [ -n "${g:-}" ] || return 1
+  [ "$g" -gt 130 ] && [ $((g - r)) -gt 45 ] && [ $((g - b)) -gt 45 ]
+}
+
+pkill -9 -x xenia_canary 2>/dev/null; sleep 1
+rm -f /dev/shm/xenia_* 2>/dev/null
+: > "$XENIA_PAD_FILE"
+
+say "launching canary for stage $STAGE"
+run-canary --audio --apu=sdl --log_mask=13 \
+  --logged_profile_slot_0_xuid=E0300000EFBEA3D4 \
+  --hid=file --pad_file="$XENIA_PAD_FILE" &
+# Xvfb keeps the previous instance's framebuffer until the new one draws.
+xsetroot -solid black 2>/dev/null || true
+
+say "waiting for the main menu"
+MENU=0
+for i in $(seq 1 "$BOOT_TIMEOUT"); do
+  [ "$i" -lt 40 ] && { sleep 1; continue; }
+  if at_menu && sleep 1 && at_menu; then say "MAIN MENU after ${i}s"; MENU=1; break; fi
+  at_title && { say "  title — tapping A"; pad tap A 0.25; sleep 2; }
+  sleep 1
+done
+[ "$MENU" = 1 ] || { say "TIMEOUT: no main menu"; shot 00-timeout; exit 1; }
+
+say "poking the cleared-stage mask so every story stage is selectable"
+poke w32 0x828F40C0 0x0001FFFE
+
+# main menu -> EXTRAS -> MISSION SELECT
+for _ in 1 2 3 4; do pad dpad down 0.06; sleep 0.35; done
+sleep 0.5; pad tap A 0.15; sleep 3; shot 01-extras
+pad tap A 0.15; sleep 4; shot 02-missionselect
+
+# the list starts on Stage01
+say "stepping to Stage$STAGE"
+for _ in $(seq 2 "$STAGE"); do pad dpad down 0.06; sleep 0.30; done
+sleep 1; shot 03-selected
+pad tap A 0.20; sleep 3; shot 04-after-A
+pad tap A 0.20; sleep 3; shot 05-after-A2
+
+# Wait for a screen instead of sleeping a guess. The fixed sleeps below used to be
+# enough and then were not: one run's stage load ran long, the script pressed START
+# into a black loading screen, and every later step went to nothing while the shots
+# recorded a plausible-looking sequence. Same lesson as the menu oracles.
+wait_not_black() {   # $1 = timeout s
+  for _ in $(seq 1 "$1"); do
+    screenshot /tmp/nav-probe.png >/dev/null 2>&1 || { sleep 1; continue; }
+    read -r r g b < <(px "640,360")
+    read -r r2 g2 b2 < <(px "200,200")
+    if [ -n "${r:-}" ] && [ $((r + g + b + r2 + g2 + b2)) -gt 60 ]; then return 0; fi
+    sleep 1
+  done
+  return 1
+}
+
+# Selecting a stage lands on the mission BRIEFING (A: Continue), which leads to the
+# READY ROOM (TAKE OFF / BRIEFINGS / HANGAR / ...) with BRIEFINGS pre-highlighted.
+# A snapshot taken at the briefing yields ZERO unit-definition objects — they are
+# instantiated at stage load proper — so the run has to reach flight.
+# START (Skip) clears the briefing. `A` does NOT: it pages through the brief and
+# ten taps still left the run sitting on a briefing screen, twice. One START press
+# lands on the READY ROOM.
+say "waiting for the stage to finish loading"
+if ! wait_not_black 180; then
+  say "STILL BLACK after 180s — the load hung (this happens; check the log for"
+  say "  'PhysicalHeap::Release failed'), aborting instead of pressing into nothing"
+  shot 06-stuck-black
+  exit 2
+fi
+sleep 3
+say "skipping the briefing (START, not A)"
+pad tap START 0.30; sleep 6
+shot 06-readyroom
+say "READY ROOM -> TAKE OFF (one up from the pre-highlighted BRIEFINGS)"
+pad dpad up 0.06; sleep 1; shot 07-takeoff-hl
+pad tap A 0.20; sleep 8
+# TAKE OFF starts its own load, and it hangs black just as the stage load can --
+# guarding only the first transition left a run pressing A into a black screen and
+# then reporting "player entity not found" from a game that never reached flight.
+say "waiting for the take-off load"
+if ! wait_not_black 180; then
+  say "STILL BLACK after take-off — load hung, aborting"
+  shot 08-stuck-black
+  exit 2
+fi
+for _ in $(seq 1 6); do pad tap A 0.20; sleep 4; done
+say "waiting for flight to settle"
+sleep 25
+shot 08-flight
+SHM=$(ls /dev/shm/xenia_memory_* 2>/dev/null | head -1)
+if [ -n "$SHM" ]; then
+  OUT="$HOME/snap-stage$STAGE.bin"
+  cp --sparse=always "$SHM" "$OUT" && say "snapshot -> $OUT ($(du -h "$OUT" | cut -f1) actual)"
+fi
+say "shots: $SHOTS/fly$STAGE-*.png"

tools/re-capture/gpoke.py

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""WRITE to the live guest memory of a running Xenia Canary.
+
+The read-side companion is `gmem.py`, and this shares its guest-VA → file-offset
+table. Canary backs the whole guest address space with one shared-memory file
+(`/dev/shm/xenia_memory_*`), so a write here lands in the running guest with no
+debugger and no pause.
+
+    gpoke.py w32 <va> <value> [...]     write big-endian u32s at consecutive VAs
+    gpoke.py r32 <va> [n]               read back n big-endian u32s (verify)
+
+Values and addresses accept `0x` form. Every write prints the before/after word,
+because a poke you cannot see is a poke you cannot trust.
+
+⚠️  This mutates a running game. It is a research tool: there is no undo, and a
+wrong address will corrupt whatever it lands on. Read back before believing.
+"""
+
+import os
+import struct
+import sys
+
+from gmem import MAP, va_to_off  # noqa: F401  (MAP re-exported for callers)
+
+
+def shm_path():
+    cands = [f"/dev/shm/{n}" for n in os.listdir("/dev/shm") if n.startswith("xenia_memory")]
+    if not cands:
+        raise SystemExit("no /dev/shm/xenia_memory_* — is Canary running?")
+    if len(cands) > 1:
+        raise SystemExit(f"several guest images, refusing to guess: {cands}")
+    return cands[0]
+
+
+def read32(f, va):
+    f.seek(va_to_off(va))
+    return struct.unpack(">I", f.read(4))[0]
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+        print(__doc__)
+        return 1
+    cmd = sys.argv[1]
+    path = shm_path()
+    if cmd == "r32":
+        va = int(sys.argv[2], 0)
+        n = int(sys.argv[3], 0) if len(sys.argv) > 3 else 1
+        with open(path, "rb") as f:
+            for i in range(n):
+                a = va + 4 * i
+                print(f"  {a:#010x} = {read32(f, a):#010x}")
+        return 0
+    if cmd == "w32":
+        va = int(sys.argv[2], 0)
+        vals = [int(v, 0) for v in sys.argv[3:]]
+        if not vals:
+            print("nothing to write")
+            return 1
+        with open(path, "r+b") as f:
+            for i, v in enumerate(vals):
+                a = va + 4 * i
+                before = read32(f, a)
+                f.seek(va_to_off(a))
+                f.write(struct.pack(">I", v))
+                f.flush()
+                after = read32(f, a)
+                ok = "OK" if after == v else "!! MISMATCH"
+                print(f"  {a:#010x}: {before:#010x} -> {after:#010x}  {ok}")
+        return 0
+    print(f"unknown command {cmd!r}")
+    return 1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

tools/re-capture/pad.py

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Drive Xenia Canary's `--hid=file` pad — the container-safe controller.
+
+Replaces the old `vgamepad` path, which created its device through `/dev/uinput`.
+Input devices are not namespaced, so that device registered with the HOST's input
+stack and every scripted press leaked to the user's desktop. This one writes a
+text file the emulator polls; nothing leaves the container.
+
+    pad.py set   "press=A"          set the pad state and leave it held
+    pad.py clear                    release everything
+    pad.py tap   A [secs]           press, hold `secs` (default 0.10), release
+    pad.py dpad  down [secs]        one menu step (default 0.06 — longer
+                                    auto-repeats and overshoots)
+    pad.py hold  "lt=255" secs      hold an arbitrary state for `secs`
+
+Buttons: UP DOWN LEFT RIGHT START BACK LS RS LB RB A B X Y.
+Path from $XENIA_PAD_FILE, default /tmp/xenia_pad.txt (matches --pad_file).
+
+Menu conventions in this game: A = OK, B = Back, Y = Gallery/extra, X = Delete.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+
+PAD = os.environ.get("XENIA_PAD_FILE", "/tmp/xenia_pad.txt")
+
+
+def write(state: str):
+    # The driver re-parses on any (mtime-ns, size) change, so a plain rewrite is
+    # enough — but write through a temp + rename so a poll can never observe a
+    # half-written file.
+    tmp = PAD + ".tmp"
+    with open(tmp, "w") as f:
+        f.write(state)
+    os.replace(tmp, PAD)
+
+
+def main():
+    a = sys.argv[1:]
+    if not a:
+        print(__doc__)
+        return 1
+    cmd = a[0]
+    if cmd == "set":
+        write(a[1])
+    elif cmd == "clear":
+        write("")
+    elif cmd == "tap":
+        secs = float(a[2]) if len(a) > 2 else 0.10
+        write(f"press={a[1]}")
+        time.sleep(secs)
+        write("")
+    elif cmd == "dpad":
+        secs = float(a[2]) if len(a) > 2 else 0.06
+        write(f"press={a[1].upper()}")
+        time.sleep(secs)
+        write("")
+    elif cmd == "hold":
+        write(a[1])
+        time.sleep(float(a[2]))
+        write("")
+    else:
+        print(f"unknown command {cmd!r}")
+        return 1
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

tools/re-capture/pitch_gametime.py

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Is the clock factor universal, or does it apply only to linear motion?
+
+The mission clock runs ~1.26x wall time, which fully explains the linear
+measurements. Applied to the angular ones it predicts a wall-time pitch rate of
+~94 deg/s for `AV_PitchMinus_Min` 75 — but the settled measurement read 74.9.
+Either that was luck inside a noisy sample or angular integration is frame-based.
+
+The flaw in comparing across runs is that the emulator's speed depends on scene
+load, so the clock ratio is not a constant of the machine. This measures BOTH in
+the same run: a HUD screenshot brackets each turn phase, so the mission clock's
+own advance over that phase converts wall seconds to game seconds.
+
+Usage: pitch_gametime.py <out.csv> [dwell_s]   (then read the HUD TIME off the shots)
+"""
+import json, math, os, struct, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law
+
+def pad(*a):
+    subprocess.run(["vgamepad", *a], capture_output=True)
+
+def shot(n):
+    subprocess.run(["screenshot", f"/sylph-home/re/shots/{n}.png"], capture_output=True)
+
+def row_at(fd, off, cfg, row):
+    at = off + cfg["rot_delta"] + row * cfg["rot_stride"]
+    v = struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(fd, 12, at))
+    n = math.sqrt(sum(c * c for c in v)) or 1.0
+    return tuple(c / n for c in v)
+
+def ang(a, b):
+    return math.degrees(math.acos(max(-1.0, min(1.0, sum(a[i] * b[i] for i in range(3))))))
+
+def main():
+    out_csv = sys.argv[1]
+    dwell = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 8.0
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}")
+    fwd = cfg.get("fwd_row", 0)
+    rows = []
+    for label, (trig, tv) in (("slow", ("LT", 1.0)), ("fast", ("RT", 1.0))):
+        pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0"); pad("axis", "LY", "0.0")
+        pad("trig", trig, str(tv))
+        time.sleep(5.0)
+        shot(f"gt_{label}_a")                      # HUD TIME at the start of the phase
+        t0 = time.time()
+        pad("axis", "LY", "1.0")                   # nose down = PitchMinus
+        seq = []
+        while time.time() - t0 < dwell:
+            seq.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), *row_at(w.fd, off, cfg, fwd)))
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+        pad("axis", "LY", "0.0")
+        wall = seq[-1][0]
+        shot(f"gt_{label}_b")                      # HUD TIME at the end
+        rows += [(label, *s) for s in seq]
+        total = sum(ang(seq[i][1:], seq[i + 1][1:]) for i in range(len(seq) - 1))
+        print(f"# {label:<5} wall {wall:5.2f}s   swept {total:7.1f}deg   "
+              f"rate {total / wall:6.1f} deg/wall-s   "
+              f"(x1.26 -> {total / wall * 1.26:6.1f} deg/game-s if the clock applies)")
+    pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0"); pad("reset")
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("phase,t,fx,fy,fz\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print("# read HUD TIME off gt_slow_a/b and gt_fast_a/b to get the run's own ratio")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/ramp_probe.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Does the angular rate RAMP after the stick goes over?
+
+Burst measurements came out a strikingly flat 0.60-0.64x of the roll cap and
+1.07-1.21x of the pitch cap. A clock error cannot do that (it would move both the
+same way), so something per-axis is going on, and the cheapest candidate is that a
+short burst never reaches the steady rate — an angular-acceleration ramp would make
+a 1-second burst under-read.
+
+Rather than compare separate bursts (which differ in speed, attitude and starting
+conditions), measure INSIDE one hold: successive 0.25 s windows of a single 3 s
+press. A ramp shows up as the first windows reading low and the later ones
+plateauing, with everything else held constant by construction.
+
+Windows, never per-read deltas: polling outruns the guest's update of these fields.
+
+Usage: ramp_probe.py <roll|pitch> <out.csv> [hold_s] [repeats]
+"""
+import json
+import math
+import os
+import struct
+import sys
+import time
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law  # noqa: E402
+from axis_probe import alive, pad_state, pin_rows, rows_at, dot  # noqa: E402
+
+DRIVER = {"roll": {"lx": 32767}, "pitch": {"ly": 32767}}
+WIN = 0.25
+
+
+def pos_at(fd, off):
+    return struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(fd, 12, off))
+
+
+def main():
+    axis, out_csv = sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2]
+    hold = float(sys.argv[3]) if len(sys.argv) > 3 else 3.0
+    reps = int(sys.argv[4]) if len(sys.argv) > 4 else 2
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found")
+    f_i = cfg["fwd_row"]
+    if not alive(w, off, cfg):
+        sys.exit("craft is not moving")
+    u_i, w_i = pin_rows(w, off, cfg)
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}, {axis} ramp over {hold}s in {WIN}s windows")
+
+    rows = []
+    for rep in range(reps):
+        pad_state()                       # cruise: least speed bleed of the three
+        time.sleep(6.0)
+        prev_r, prev_p = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg), pos_at(w.fd, off)
+        pad_state(**DRIVER[axis])
+        t0 = wt0 = time.time()
+        path = swept = 0.0
+        seq = []
+        while time.time() - t0 < hold:
+            time.sleep(0.02)
+            now = time.time()
+            cur_r, cur_p = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg), pos_at(w.fd, off)
+            path += math.dist(cur_p, prev_p)
+            if axis == "roll":
+                d = math.atan2(dot(cur_r[u_i], prev_r[w_i]), dot(cur_r[u_i], prev_r[u_i]))
+            else:
+                d = math.atan2(dot(cur_r[f_i], prev_r[u_i]), dot(cur_r[f_i], prev_r[f_i]))
+            swept += abs(math.degrees(d))
+            prev_r, prev_p = cur_r, cur_p
+            if now - wt0 >= WIN:
+                span = now - wt0
+                seq.append((round(now - t0, 2), round(path / span, 1), round(swept / span, 1)))
+                wt0, path, swept = now, 0.0, 0.0
+        pad_state()
+        for t, sp, rt in seq:
+            rows.append((rep, t, sp, rt))
+        print(f"#  rep{rep}: " + "  ".join(f"{rt:.0f}" for _, _, rt in seq))
+        print(f"#         speed " + "  ".join(f"{sp:.0f}" for _, sp, _ in seq))
+        if not alive(w, off, cfg):
+            print("#  CRAFT STOPPED MOVING — aborting")
+            break
+        time.sleep(2.0)
+
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("rep,t,speed,rate_deg_per_wall_s\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print(f"# wrote {out_csv}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

tools/re-capture/rate_curve.py

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Angular rate as a FUNCTION of speed — fitted, not sampled at two endpoints.
+
+The two-point probe (`rate_probe.py`) assumed the craft held the speed its throttle
+selects. It does not: full pitch bleeds 1 193 -> 589 in eight seconds *with the
+throttle still at maximum*, so an 8-second average is taken over a moving speed and
+lands between two different caps. That is how a measured pitch rate came out 33 %
+ABOVE its own cap.
+
+Turn the bug into the instrument. Because the speed bleeds on its own, one long hold
+sweeps the whole range, so sampling position *and* attitude together gives
+`(speed, rate)` pairs across it — the entire curve from a single phase, with no
+assumption about what speed the craft is at.
+
+Speed comes from the position deltas (no HUD OCR needed). Both speed and rate are
+per wall-second here; the run's clock ratio converts both to game units afterwards
+and cancels out of the SHAPE of the curve.
+
+⚠️ SAMPLE IN WINDOWS, NOT PER READ. Polling at 20 Hz is faster than the guest
+updates these fields, so a per-read delta is either exactly zero (no update yet) or
+a whole frame's worth divided by a fraction of a frame. In a first run 111 of 352
+reads were zero on BOTH channels — position and attitude update on the same frame,
+so the two are perfectly correlated, and dividing each by the short wall dt
+manufactured a clean "rate rises with speed" curve out of pure aliasing. Summing
+|delta| over a window that spans many frames is immune: the total is right however
+the updates fall inside it. (This is also why the swept-total probes were never
+affected — only per-sample instantaneous rates were.)
+
+Usage: rate_curve.py <roll|pitch> <out.csv> [dwell_s]
+"""
+import json
+import math
+import os
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law  # noqa: E402
+from axis_probe import alive, pad_state, pin_rows, rows_at, dot  # noqa: E402
+
+DRIVER = {"roll": {"lx": 32767}, "pitch": {"ly": 32767}}
+
+
+def shot(n):
+    subprocess.run(["screenshot", f"/sylph-home/re/shots/{n}.png"], capture_output=True)
+
+
+def pos_at(fd, off):
+    return struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(fd, 12, off))
+
+
+def main():
+    axis, out_csv = sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2]
+    dwell = float(sys.argv[3]) if len(sys.argv) > 3 else 16.0
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found")
+    f_i = cfg["fwd_row"]
+    if not alive(w, off, cfg):
+        sys.exit("craft is not moving")
+    u_i, w_i = pin_rows(w, off, cfg)
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}, sweeping {axis}")
+
+    # Start at maximum speed and let the turn bleed it: one hold, whole range.
+    pad_state(rt=255)
+    time.sleep(6.0)
+    shot(f"curve_{axis}_a")
+    prev_r, prev_p, prev_t = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg), pos_at(w.fd, off), time.time()
+    pad_state(rt=255, **DRIVER[axis])
+    t0 = time.time()
+    rows = []
+    WIN = 0.5                       # seconds per emitted point: many guest frames
+    win_t0, win_path, win_swept = time.time(), 0.0, 0.0
+    while time.time() - t0 < dwell:
+        time.sleep(0.02)
+        now = time.time()
+        cur_r, cur_p = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg), pos_at(w.fd, off)
+        win_path += math.dist(cur_p, prev_p)
+        if axis == "roll":
+            d = math.atan2(dot(cur_r[u_i], prev_r[w_i]), dot(cur_r[u_i], prev_r[u_i]))
+        else:
+            d = math.atan2(dot(cur_r[f_i], prev_r[u_i]), dot(cur_r[f_i], prev_r[f_i]))
+        win_swept += abs(math.degrees(d))
+        prev_r, prev_p = cur_r, cur_p
+        if now - win_t0 >= WIN:
+            span = now - win_t0
+            rows.append((round(now - t0, 2), round(win_path / span, 1),
+                         round(win_swept / span, 2)))
+            win_t0, win_path, win_swept = now, 0.0, 0.0
+    pad_state()
+    shot(f"curve_{axis}_b")
+
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("t,speed_units_per_wall_s,rate_deg_per_wall_s\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+
+    # Bin by speed so the shape is visible without any curve-fitting assumption.
+    print(f"# {len(rows)} windows of {WIN}s; rate binned by speed (per WALL second):")
+    lo = min(r[1] for r in rows)
+    hi = max(r[1] for r in rows)
+    print(f"#   speed swept {lo:.0f} -> {hi:.0f} units/wall-s")
+    nb = 6
+    for b in range(nb):
+        a = lo + (hi - lo) * b / nb
+        z = lo + (hi - lo) * (b + 1) / nb
+        sel = [r[2] for r in rows if a <= r[1] < z]
+        if sel:
+            print(f"#   speed {a:7.0f}-{z:7.0f}  n={len(sel):3d}  rate {sum(sel)/len(sel):6.1f}")
+    print(f"# wrote {out_csv}; read HUD TIME off curve_{axis}_[ab] for the clock")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

tools/re-capture/rate_probe.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Angular rate cap for one axis, at minimum and maximum speed.
+
+Generalises `roll_axis.py`. Two things it does that the probes before it did not:
+
+* **Pins the matrix rows.** `entities2` measures row 2 = forward against velocity,
+  but up-vs-right was previously taken from the D3D convention — and measuring
+  world-Y in flight showed the convention is *backwards* here (up = row 1, right =
+  row 0). Roll is immune to that (rotation of either non-forward row within their
+  shared plane is roll either way), but **pitch is not**, so a pitch number taken
+  without this pinning is naming an axis by assumption.
+* **Brackets each phase with the HUD clock.** Rates are per GAME second and the
+  clock ratio is a property of the moment — 1.260, 1.311, 1.383 and 1.247/1.218
+  across five flights — so it cannot be assumed and must be read per phase.
+
+    roll   driven by lx, measured as rotation of UP about forward
+    pitch  driven by ly, measured as rotation of FORWARD toward up
+
+Usage: rate_probe.py <roll|pitch> <out.csv> [dwell_s]
+Then read HUD TIME off the `rate_<axis>_<phase>_[ab]` screenshots for the ratio.
+"""
+import json
+import math
+import os
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law  # noqa: E402
+from axis_probe import alive, pad_state, pin_rows, rows_at, dot  # noqa: E402
+
+DRIVER = {"roll": {"lx": 32767}, "pitch": {"ly": 32767}}
+
+
+def shot(n):
+    subprocess.run(["screenshot", f"/sylph-home/re/shots/{n}.png"], capture_output=True)
+
+
+def main():
+    axis = sys.argv[1]
+    out_csv = sys.argv[2]
+    dwell = float(sys.argv[3]) if len(sys.argv) > 3 else 8.0
+    if axis not in DRIVER:
+        sys.exit(f"axis must be one of {list(DRIVER)}")
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}, measuring {axis}")
+    f_i = cfg["fwd_row"]
+    if not alive(w, off, cfg):
+        sys.exit("craft is not moving — not in flight, or already dead")
+    u_i, w_i = pin_rows(w, off, cfg)
+
+    rows = []
+    for label, trig in (("slow", "lt"), ("fast", "rt")):
+        pad_state(**{trig: 255})
+        time.sleep(5.0)                     # settle: 2 s was shown wrong twice
+        shot(f"rate_{axis}_{label}_a")
+        prev = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg)
+        pad_state(**{trig: 255}, **DRIVER[axis])
+        t0, swept, seq = time.time(), 0.0, []
+        while time.time() - t0 < dwell:
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+            cur = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg)
+            if axis == "roll":
+                d = math.atan2(dot(cur[u_i], prev[w_i]), dot(cur[u_i], prev[u_i]))
+            else:
+                d = math.atan2(dot(cur[f_i], prev[u_i]), dot(cur[f_i], prev[f_i]))
+            d = math.degrees(d)
+            swept += abs(d)
+            seq.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), round(d, 4)))
+            prev = cur
+        pad_state(**{trig: 255})
+        wall = seq[-1][0]
+        shot(f"rate_{axis}_{label}_b")
+        rows += [(label, *s) for s in seq]
+        print(f"# {label:<5} wall {wall:5.2f}s   {axis} swept {swept:7.1f}deg   "
+              f"rate {swept / wall:6.1f} deg/wall-s")
+        if not alive(w, off, cfg):
+            print("# CRAFT STOPPED MOVING — aborting rather than reporting zeros")
+            break
+    pad_state()
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write(f"phase,t,d{axis}_deg\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print(f"# wrote {out_csv} — read HUD TIME off rate_{axis}_*_[ab] for the clock")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

tools/re-capture/roll_axis.py

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Roll rate measured ABOUT THE FORWARD AXIS, so pitch cannot leak into it.
+
+The previous attempt watched a non-forward row of the rotation matrix and got
+numbers within a few per cent of the pitch run — because pitch moves that row as
+much as roll does. The fix is to measure the rotation *in the plane perpendicular
+to forward*: express the new up-vector in the OLD (up, right) basis and take
+`atan2(u_new·w_old, u_new·u_old)`. Any component along forward — which is what
+pitch produces — is dropped by construction.
+
+Each phase is bracketed by HUD screenshots so the mission clock converts wall
+seconds to game seconds within this run (the ratio has measured 1.260, 1.311 and
+1.383 in three flights, so it cannot be assumed).
+
+Usage: roll_axis.py <out.csv> [dwell_s]
+"""
+import json, math, os, struct, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law
+
+PAD_FILE = os.environ.get("XENIA_PAD_FILE", "/tmp/xenia_pad.txt")
+
+
+def pad_state(**kw):
+    """Write the WHOLE pad state at once.
+
+    The file pad is a snapshot, not a set of independent channels: each write
+    replaces everything, so holding a trigger *while* deflecting a stick has to be
+    one write. (`vgamepad`'s per-channel calls are what this replaces; that device
+    also leaked to the host, see the driver header.) Values are exact — no virtual
+    stick quantisation — which is what makes a single-axis roll hold trustworthy.
+    """
+    parts = [f"{k}={v}" for k, v in kw.items() if v is not None]
+    tmp = PAD_FILE + ".tmp"
+    with open(tmp, "w") as f:
+        f.write(" ".join(parts))
+    os.replace(tmp, PAD_FILE)
+
+
+def pad_neutral():
+    pad_state()
+
+def shot(n):
+    subprocess.run(["screenshot", f"/sylph-home/re/shots/{n}.png"], capture_output=True)
+
+def rows_at(fd, off, cfg):
+    base = off + cfg["rot_delta"]
+    out = []
+    for r in range(3):
+        v = struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(fd, 12, base + r * cfg["rot_stride"]))
+        n = math.sqrt(sum(c * c for c in v)) or 1.0
+        out.append(tuple(c / n for c in v))
+    return out
+
+def dot(a, b):
+    return sum(a[i] * b[i] for i in range(3))
+
+def main():
+    out_csv = sys.argv[1]
+    dwell = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 8.0
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}")
+    f_i = cfg.get("fwd_row", 0)
+    u_i, w_i = [r for r in (0, 1, 2) if r != f_i]
+    rows = []
+    for label, (trig, tv) in (("slow", ("LT", 1.0)), ("fast", ("RT", 1.0))):
+        # settle at the target speed with the stick CENTRED (5 s: 2 s was shown
+        # wrong twice this session)
+        pad_state(**{trig.lower(): 255})
+        time.sleep(5.0)
+        shot(f"rollax_{label}_a")
+        # full left-stick X, everything else exactly zero, trigger still held
+        pad_state(**{trig.lower(): 255, "lx": 32767})
+        t0, prev, swept = time.time(), rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg), 0.0
+        seq = []
+        while time.time() - t0 < dwell:
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+            cur = rows_at(w.fd, off, cfg)
+            # roll = rotation of `up` within the OLD (up, right) plane
+            d = math.degrees(math.atan2(dot(cur[u_i], prev[w_i]), dot(cur[u_i], prev[u_i])))
+            swept += abs(d)
+            seq.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), round(d, 4)))
+            prev = cur
+        pad_state(**{trig.lower(): 255})
+        wall = seq[-1][0]
+        shot(f"rollax_{label}_b")
+        rows += [(label, *s) for s in seq]
+        print(f"# {label:<5} wall {wall:5.2f}s   roll swept {swept:7.1f}deg   "
+              f"rate {swept / wall:6.1f} deg/wall-s")
+    pad_neutral()
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("phase,t,droll_deg\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print("# read HUD TIME off rollax_slow_a/b and rollax_fast_a/b for this run's clock ratio")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/roll_gametime.py

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Is the clock factor universal, or does it apply only to linear motion?
+
+The mission clock runs ~1.26x wall time, which fully explains the linear
+measurements. Applied to the angular ones it predicts a wall-time pitch rate of
+~94 deg/s for `AV_Roll_Min` 75 — but the settled measurement read 74.9.
+Either that was luck inside a noisy sample or angular integration is frame-based.
+
+The flaw in comparing across runs is that the emulator's speed depends on scene
+load, so the clock ratio is not a constant of the machine. This measures BOTH in
+the same run: a HUD screenshot brackets each turn phase, so the mission clock's
+own advance over that phase converts wall seconds to game seconds.
+
+Usage: roll_gametime.py <out.csv> [dwell_s]   (then read the HUD TIME off the shots)
+"""
+import json, math, os, struct, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law
+
+def pad(*a):
+    subprocess.run(["vgamepad", *a], capture_output=True)
+
+def shot(n):
+    subprocess.run(["screenshot", f"/sylph-home/re/shots/{n}.png"], capture_output=True)
+
+def row_at(fd, off, cfg, row):
+    at = off + cfg["rot_delta"] + row * cfg["rot_stride"]
+    v = struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(fd, 12, at))
+    n = math.sqrt(sum(c * c for c in v)) or 1.0
+    return tuple(c / n for c in v)
+
+def ang(a, b):
+    return math.degrees(math.acos(max(-1.0, min(1.0, sum(a[i] * b[i] for i in range(3))))))
+
+def main():
+    out_csv = sys.argv[1]
+    dwell = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 8.0
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}")
+    # Roll turns the craft about its FORWARD axis, so the forward row barely moves —
+    # watch another row of the rotation matrix instead.
+    fwd = 1 if cfg.get("fwd_row", 0) != 1 else 2
+    rows = []
+    for label, (trig, tv) in (("slow", ("LT", 1.0)), ("fast", ("RT", 1.0))):
+        pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0"); pad("axis", "LX", "0.0")
+        pad("trig", trig, str(tv))
+        time.sleep(5.0)
+        shot(f"roll_{label}_a")                      # HUD TIME at the start of the phase
+        t0 = time.time()
+        pad("axis", "LY", "1.0")                   # nose down = Roll
+        seq = []
+        while time.time() - t0 < dwell:
+            seq.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), *row_at(w.fd, off, cfg, fwd)))
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+        pad("axis", "LX", "0.0")
+        wall = seq[-1][0]
+        shot(f"roll_{label}_b")                      # HUD TIME at the end
+        rows += [(label, *s) for s in seq]
+        total = sum(ang(seq[i][1:], seq[i + 1][1:]) for i in range(len(seq) - 1))
+        print(f"# {label:<5} wall {wall:5.2f}s   swept {total:7.1f}deg   "
+              f"rate {total / wall:6.1f} deg/wall-s   "
+              f"(x1.26 -> {total / wall * 1.26:6.1f} deg/game-s if the clock applies)")
+    pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0"); pad("reset")
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("phase,t,fx,fy,fz\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print("# read HUD TIME off roll_slow_a/b and roll_fast_a/b to get the run's own ratio")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/speed_law.py

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Measure the craft's speed law and check it against its definition.
+
+The unit definition gives `Acceleration`, `Deceleration`, `MinimumVelocity`,
+`CruisingVelocity` and `MaximumVelocity` (harvested 2026-08-13), but not how the
+game applies them. This holds each throttle input and samples the player's own
+position at ~10 Hz, so speed and its rate of change are measured rather than
+assumed.
+
+Why not `ctrl_probe.py`: it re-scans for the player when it starts, and that scan
+misses in roughly half the samples on a busy stage (entities move while it walks
+memory). This locks onto the player object ONCE and then only re-reads its
+position triple, which is why it survives a firefight.
+
+Usage: speed_law.py <out.csv> [hold_s]
+"""
+import glob, os, struct, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import gworld, entities2
+
+
+def require_live_emulator():
+    """Refuse to measure a corpse.
+
+    A killed Canary leaves its `/dev/shm/xenia_memory_*` image behind AND leaves its
+    last frame on the X display, so a dead emulator looks alive from both of the
+    obvious angles: the screenshot shows a mission in progress and the memory image
+    still parses. The scans then report `0 moving triples` / "player entity not
+    found", which reads like a tooling bug rather than a dead game. Note `pgrep -x
+    xenia_canary` is NOT enough — zombies match it — so the state letter is checked.
+    """
+    out = subprocess.run(["ps", "-o", "pid=,stat=", "-C", "xenia_canary"],
+                         capture_output=True, text=True).stdout
+    live = [l for l in out.splitlines() if l.split()[1:2] and not l.split()[1].startswith("Z")]
+    if not live:
+        stale = glob.glob("/dev/shm/xenia_memory_*")
+        sys.exit(f"no live xenia_canary (zombies only); {len(stale)} stale shm image(s) "
+                 f"— the screen and the memory file are both leftovers, relaunch first")
+
+def find_player(retries=8):
+    """Lock onto the player object that is actually FLYING.
+
+    Verifies the emulator is alive first — see `require_live_emulator`.
+
+    A mission holds more than one `*_Player` object — `entities2 list` shows two —
+    and at least one of them never moves. Taking the first match locks onto that
+    one, and then every probe reads a speed of exactly 0 while the game is visibly
+    flying (and the HUD keeps reading 350). So sample each candidate twice and keep
+    the one that displaces."""
+    require_live_emulator()
+    for _ in range(retries):
+        w = gworld.World()
+        defs = entities2.definitions(w)
+        movers = entities2.moving(w.fd, w.size)
+        cands = [(off, nm) for off, nm, _, _ in entities2.typed(w.fd, defs, movers, 0x130)
+                 if nm.endswith("_Player")]
+        best = None
+        for off, nm in cands:
+            a = pos_at(w.fd, off)
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+            b = pos_at(w.fd, off)
+            d = sum((b[i] - a[i]) ** 2 for i in range(3)) ** 0.5
+            if best is None or d > best[0]:
+                best = (d, off, nm)
+        # A craft can be briefly slow (launch, a hard turn), so do not demand a big
+        # step — just prefer the candidate that moves at all. The failure this
+        # guards against is the STATIC duplicate, which never moves by any amount.
+        if best and best[0] > 0.05:
+            return w, best[1], best[2]
+        print(f"# {len(cands)} player candidates, best displacement "
+              f"{best[0] if best else 0:.3f} — retrying", flush=True)
+        time.sleep(2)
+    return None, None, None
+
+def pos_at(fd, off):
+    b = os.pread(fd, 12, off)
+    return struct.unpack(">3f", b)
+
+def pad(*args):
+    subprocess.run(["vgamepad", *args], capture_output=True)
+
+def sample(fd, off, seconds, hz=20):
+    """Raw (t, x, y, z) samples. Speed is NOT computed per sample: the guest
+    updates the position at its own rate, so a 10 Hz difference alternates
+    between 0 and a double step — the first run of this probe read 0, 1519, 1985,
+    0, 2681 … for a craft flying smoothly. Differentiate over a window instead."""
+    out, t0 = [], time.time()
+    while time.time() - t0 < seconds:
+        p = pos_at(fd, off)
+        out.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), p[0], p[1], p[2]))
+        time.sleep(1.0 / hz)
+    return out
+
+def main():
+    out_csv = sys.argv[1]
+    hold = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 8.0
+    w, off, nm = find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm} at file offset {off:#x}")
+    rows = []
+    # RT/LT are ANALOGUE TRIGGERS, not buttons: `vgamepad trig RT 1.0` holds full
+    # throttle, `trig RT 0.0` releases. Using `hold RT` (the button verb) is a
+    # silent no-op — the first run of this probe measured only the drift of a
+    # craft nobody was flying.
+    for label, keys in (("idle", [("RT", 0.0), ("LT", 0.0)]),
+                        ("RT", [("RT", 1.0), ("LT", 0.0)]),
+                        ("coast", [("RT", 0.0), ("LT", 0.0)]),
+                        ("LT", [("LT", 1.0), ("RT", 0.0)]),
+                        ("coast2", [("RT", 0.0), ("LT", 0.0)])):
+        for axis, v in keys:
+            pad("trig", axis, str(v))
+        seq = sample(w.fd, off, hold)
+        for t, x, y, z in seq:
+            rows.append((label, t, x, y, z))
+        # windowed speed: displacement over the phase's middle second
+        mid = [s for s in seq if seq[-1][0] * 0.4 <= s[0] <= seq[-1][0] * 0.9]
+        if len(mid) > 2:
+            d = sum((mid[-1][i] - mid[0][i]) ** 2 for i in (1, 2, 3)) ** 0.5
+            print(f"# {label:<8} windowed speed {d / (mid[-1][0] - mid[0][0]):8.1f}/s")
+    pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0")
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("phase,t,x,y,z\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(f"{r[0]},{r[1]},{r[2]},{r[3]},{r[4]}\n")
+    print(f"# wrote {out_csv} ({len(rows)} samples)")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/throttle_curve.py

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Is the throttle ANALOGUE, and is full deflection the afterburner?
+
+speed_law.py measured a settled speed of ~1 530 under full `RT` against a
+`MaximumVelocity` of 1 200 — attributed to the emulated time base because the same
+~1.2x appears in the turn rates. But `RT` is an analogue trigger, so there is a
+second reading worth excluding: that partial deflection reaches MaximumVelocity and
+FULL deflection is the afterburner (which would also explain why no button toggles
+it). This walks the trigger 0.00 -> 1.00 and reports the settled speed at each step.
+
+Usage: throttle_curve.py <out.csv> [dwell_s]
+"""
+import math, os, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import speed_law
+
+def pad(*a):
+    subprocess.run(["vgamepad", *a], capture_output=True)
+
+def windowed(seq, lo, hi):
+    a = [s for s in seq if s[0] >= lo][0]
+    b = [s for s in seq if s[0] <= hi][-1]
+    return math.dist(a[1:], b[1:]) / (b[0] - a[0])
+
+def main():
+    out_csv = sys.argv[1]
+    dwell = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 6.0
+    axis = sys.argv[3] if len(sys.argv) > 3 else "RT"   # RT ramps up, LT ramps down
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}")
+    rows = []
+    for v in (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0):
+        pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0")
+        pad("trig", axis, str(v))
+        time.sleep(6.0)                       # settle: 5 s+ is what the turn-rate fix showed is needed
+        # Screenshot the HUD at the settled speed: its readout is in the
+        # DEFINITION's unit (it shows 350 at neutral = CruisingVelocity), so it is
+        # the ground truth the position-derived number has to be compared against.
+        subprocess.run(["screenshot", f"/sylph-home/re/shots/hud_{axis}_{v}.png"],
+                       capture_output=True)
+        seq, t0 = [], time.time()
+        while time.time() - t0 < dwell:
+            seq.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), *speed_law.pos_at(w.fd, off)))
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+        for s in seq:
+            rows.append((v, *s))
+        wins = [windowed(seq, t, t + 1.0) for t in range(int(dwell) - 1)]
+        print(f"# {axis}={v:<4} settled speed per 1 s window: " + " ".join(f"{x:6.0f}" for x in wins))
+    pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("reset")
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("rt,t,x,y,z\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print(f"# wrote {out_csv}")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/turn_law.py

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Measure the craft's TURN rates, and whether they depend on speed.
+
+The unit definition carries `AA_Yaw_{Max,Min}`, `AA_PitchPlus_{Max,Min}`,
+`AA_Roll_{Max,Min}` — pairs whose obvious reading is "rate at maximum speed" and
+"rate at minimum speed", i.e. agility falling as the craft goes faster (for the
+player: yaw 65°/s vs 120°/s, roll 475°/s vs 750°/s). That is a prediction, so
+measure it: hold a throttle to pin the speed regime, hold a stick axis, and
+differentiate the craft's own forward vector.
+
+Same discipline as speed_law.py: lock onto the player object once, sample at
+20 Hz, and differentiate over 1-second windows (the guest updates slower than the
+sample rate).
+
+Usage: turn_law.py <out.csv> [hold_s]
+"""
+import json, math, os, struct, subprocess, sys, time
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+import gworld, entities2, speed_law
+
+def fwd_at(fd, off, cfg):
+    """The craft's forward row out of its rotation matrix (entities2 `self` bound
+    rot_delta / rot_stride / fwd_row and validated the row against motion)."""
+    at = off + cfg["rot_delta"] + cfg["fwd_row"] * cfg["rot_stride"]
+    v = struct.unpack(">3f", os.pread(fd, 12, at))
+    n = math.sqrt(sum(c * c for c in v)) or 1.0
+    s = cfg.get("fwd_sign", 1)
+    return tuple(s * c / n for c in v)
+
+def pad(*a):
+    subprocess.run(["vgamepad", *a], capture_output=True)
+
+def rate(seq, lo, hi):
+    """Degrees per second between the first sample at/after `lo` and the last at/before `hi`."""
+    a = [s for s in seq if s[0] >= lo][0]
+    b = [s for s in seq if s[0] <= hi][-1]
+    dot = max(-1.0, min(1.0, sum(a[1 + i] * b[1 + i] for i in range(3))))
+    return math.degrees(math.acos(dot)) / (b[0] - a[0])
+
+def main():
+    out_csv = sys.argv[1]
+    hold = float(sys.argv[2]) if len(sys.argv) > 2 else 6.0
+    cfg = json.load(open("/tmp/nav-live.json"))
+    w, off, nm = speed_law.find_player()
+    if not w:
+        sys.exit("player entity not found after retries")
+    print(f"# locked on {nm}")
+    rows = []
+    # (label, throttle, axis, value) — throttle pins the speed regime, so the
+    # Max/Min pair in the definition can be told apart.
+    # LX is ROLL (the forward vector barely moves under it) and the right stick
+    # does not steer at all — measured. LY is pitch, and `vgamepad` documents
+    # `LY: -1 = up`, so LY=+1 is nose DOWN = the `PitchMinus` family.
+    phases = [
+        ("slow_down", ("LT", 1.0), ("LY", 1.0)),   # AV_PitchMinus_Min  75 deg/s
+        ("fast_down", ("RT", 1.0), ("LY", 1.0)),   # AV_PitchMinus_Max  40
+        ("slow_up",   ("LT", 1.0), ("LY", -1.0)),  # AV_PitchPlus_Min  150
+        ("fast_up",   ("RT", 1.0), ("LY", -1.0)),  # AV_PitchPlus_Max   70
+    ]
+    for label, (trig, tv), (axis, av) in phases:
+        pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0")
+        pad("axis", "LX", "0.0"); pad("axis", "LY", "0.0"); pad("axis", "RX", "0.0")
+        pad("trig", trig, str(tv))
+        time.sleep(1.5)                      # let the speed settle before turning
+        pad("axis", axis, str(av))
+        seq, t0 = [], time.time()
+        while time.time() - t0 < hold:
+            f = fwd_at(w.fd, off, cfg)
+            seq.append((round(time.time() - t0, 3), *f))
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+        pad("axis", axis, "0.0")
+        for s in seq:
+            rows.append((label, *s))
+        try:
+            r = [rate(seq, t, t + 1.0) for t in (1.0, 2.0, 3.0) if seq[-1][0] > t + 1.0]
+            print(f"# {label:<11} turn rate per 1 s window: " + " ".join(f"{x:6.1f}" for x in r) + " deg/s")
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"# {label:<11} rate failed: {e}")
+    pad("trig", "RT", "0.0"); pad("trig", "LT", "0.0"); pad("reset")
+    with open(out_csv, "w") as f:
+        f.write("phase,t,fx,fy,fz\n")
+        for r in rows:
+            f.write(",".join(str(x) for x in r) + "\n")
+    print(f"# wrote {out_csv} ({len(rows)} samples)")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/re-capture/unit_dump_layout.py

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Read EVERY field of the live unit-definition objects, using the code-derived
+layout instead of solving offsets from the disc.
+
+`unit_runtime.py` scores `(field, offset, encoding)` triples against the disc
+records, so it can only place fields the disc actually values — 58 of 153 on a
+single-mission snapshot. The layout in `data/unit_definition_layout.txt` was read
+out of the title's own loader (`sub_82341A20`: the field NAME of every store is a
+string in the image), so it places **all** of them, including the ones no disc
+record ever sets. That is exactly the Route-B target: the defaulted fields.
+
+Discipline is unchanged — every field the disc DOES value is cross-checked against
+the object, and a mismatch is reported rather than written. Angle fields are
+degrees on disc and radians in the object (see the layout header), so those are
+compared after conversion.
+
+Usage:
+    unit_dump_layout.py <layout.txt> <tokens.txt> <snap.bin>... [--csv out.csv]
+"""
+import csv
+import math
+import re
+import struct
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, __file__.rsplit("/", 1)[0])
+import unit_runtime as ur  # object locator + disc token reader
+
+# Angle fields are DEGREES on disc and RADIANS in the object. The set is wider
+# than the `AV_`/`AA_` families: a prefix may precede them (`AB_AA_PitchPlus` =
+# afterburner) and some carry neither (`Through_AngleMaximum`). Both cases showed
+# up as lone "contradictions" whose object value was exactly the disc value in
+# radians — which is the tell.
+ANGLE = re.compile(r"(^|_)(AV|AA)_|Bank|Angle|Turn_AngularVelocity")
+
+
+def read_layout(path):
+    """[(offset, kind, name)] from the '# offset kind field' table."""
+    out = []
+    for line in open(path):
+        line = line.strip()
+        if not line or line.startswith("#"):
+            continue
+        parts = line.split()
+        if len(parts) < 3:
+            continue
+        off, kind, name = parts[0], parts[1].lower(), parts[2]
+        try:
+            # The layout table writes offsets in DECIMAL (`48 f32 Size_X`), while
+            # the solver's CSV prints them in hex — parsing this file as hex puts
+            # every field 0x18 bytes late and makes the disc cross-check fail on
+            # everything, which is how the mistake announces itself.
+            out.append((int(off, 10), kind, name))
+        except ValueError:
+            continue
+    return out
+
+
+def value_at(raw, off, kind):
+    if off + 4 > len(raw):
+        return None
+    if kind in ("f32", "float"):
+        return struct.unpack_from(">f", raw, off)[0]
+    if kind in ("word", "u32", "int", "bool"):
+        return struct.unpack_from(">I", raw, off)[0]
+    return None  # str: a guest pointer, not a value
+
+
+def as_float(s):
+    try:
+        return float(str(s).rstrip("fF"))
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def main():
+    layout_path, tokens_path = sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2]
+    snaps = [a for a in sys.argv[3:] if not a.startswith("--")]
+    out_csv = next((a.split("=", 1)[1] for a in sys.argv if a.startswith("--csv=")), None)
+
+    layout = read_layout(layout_path)
+    disc, _ambiguous = ur.read_tokens(tokens_path)
+    objs, conflicts = ur.runtime_objects(snaps)
+    print(f"# layout fields: {len(layout)}   runtime objects: {len(objs)}   "
+          f"disc units: {len(disc)}   matched: {len(set(objs) & set(disc))}")
+    if conflicts:
+        print(f"# !! objects differing between snapshots: {conflicts}")
+
+    rows, agree, disagree = [], 0, 0
+    for unit in sorted(objs):
+        raw = objs[unit]
+        drec = disc.get(unit, {})
+        for off, kind, name in layout:
+            v = value_at(raw, off, kind)
+            if v is None:
+                continue
+            dv = as_float(drec.get(name)) if name in drec else None
+            if dv is not None:
+                # The disc values this field: it is a CHECK, not a new value.
+                cmpv = math.degrees(v) if ANGLE.search(name) and isinstance(v, float) else v
+                ok = abs(cmpv - dv) <= max(1e-3, abs(dv) * 1e-3)
+                agree, disagree = (agree + 1, disagree) if ok else (agree, disagree + 1)
+                if not ok:
+                    print(f"# MISMATCH {unit} {name} @{off:#05x}: object {cmpv!r} vs disc {dv!r}")
+                rows.append([unit, name, f"{off:#05x}", kind, repr(v), "disc",
+                             "verified" if ok else "CONTRADICTED"])
+            else:
+                rows.append([unit, name, f"{off:#05x}", kind, repr(v),
+                             "defaulted-on-disc", "layout-derived"])
+    print(f"# cross-check against the disc: {agree} agree, {disagree} disagree")
+    print(f"# rows: {len(rows)}  ({sum(1 for r in rows if r[5] == 'defaulted-on-disc')} defaulted)")
+    if out_csv:
+        w = csv.writer(open(out_csv, "w", newline=""))
+        w.writerow(["unit", "field", "offset", "enc", "value", "source", "conf"])
+        w.writerows(rows)
+        print(f"# wrote {out_csv}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tools/xach_dump.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Dump the title's Xbox 360 achievement table (XACH) out of the decrypted `.pe`.
+
+The XEX embeds an SPA/XDBF resource holding the achievement definitions and one
+string table per language. `GamePart_Debriefing` awards these (it walks the
+`ACHIEVEMENTS_REQUIREMENTS` config list and sets bit *i* for entry *i*), and
+`GamePart_ChallengeMission` gates each challenge mission on a bit of the same
+space — so this table names the bits.
+
+Layout, derived here and self-checked (see below):
+  XDBF section header : magic[4] "XACH", version u32, size u32, count u16
+  record, 36 bytes    : id u16, name_id u16, unlocked_desc_id u16,
+                        locked_desc_id u16, image_id u32, gamerscore u16,
+                        pad u16, flags u32, then 16 bytes of zeroes
+  XSTR section header : magic[4] "XSTR", version u32, size u32, count u16
+  string entry        : id u16, len u16, `len` bytes of ASCII
+
+Self-check: the 24 records' gamerscore sums to **1000**, the retail total — a
+wrong stride or field offset does not add up to a round 1000.
+
+Usage:  xach_dump.py <path-to.pe> [--lang-index N]
+"""
+import struct
+import sys
+
+
+def find_all(buf, needle):
+    out, i = [], 0
+    while True:
+        i = buf.find(needle, i)
+        if i < 0:
+            return out
+        out.append(i)
+        i += 1
+
+
+def parse_xstr(d, off):
+    count = struct.unpack_from(">H", d, off + 12)[0]
+    o, table = off + 14, {}
+    for _ in range(count):
+        sid, ln = struct.unpack_from(">HH", d, o)
+        table[sid] = d[o + 4 : o + 4 + ln].decode("ascii", "replace")
+        o += 4 + ln
+    return table
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
+        print(__doc__)
+        return 1
+    d = open(sys.argv[1], "rb").read()
+
+    # The real XACH section is the one whose header count is small (the other
+    # "XACH" hit is the XDBF entry table, which merely *names* it).
+    xach = None
+    for off in find_all(d, b"XACH"):
+        ver, size, count = struct.unpack_from(">IIH", d, off + 4)
+        if ver == 1 and 0 < count < 256 and size >= count * 36:
+            xach = (off, count)
+            break
+    if xach is None:
+        print("no XACH section found", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+    off, count = xach
+
+    # One XSTR per language. Default to English: the only table whose achievement
+    # strings are pure 7-bit ASCII (every other localisation carries accents or
+    # multi-byte text, which our ASCII decode turns into replacement chars).
+    strs = [parse_xstr(d, o) for o in find_all(d, b"XSTR") if len(d) - o > 16]
+    ids = [struct.unpack_from(">HHHH", d, off + 14 + i * 36)[1:] for i in range(count)]
+    lang = int(sys.argv[sys.argv.index("--lang-index") + 1]) if "--lang-index" in sys.argv else None
+    if lang is None:
+        def ascii_score(t):
+            txt = "".join(t.get(s, "") for rec in ids for s in rec)
+            return (txt.count("<EFBFBD>") == 0 and len(txt) > 0, len(txt))
+        lang = max(range(len(strs)), key=lambda i: ascii_score(strs[i]))
+    S = strs[lang]
+
+    print(f"XACH @0x{off:X}  {count} achievements  (string table #{lang} of {len(strs)})\n")
+    total = 0
+    for i in range(count):
+        b = off + 14 + i * 36
+        aid, nid, did, lid = struct.unpack_from(">HHHH", d, b)
+        gs = struct.unpack_from(">H", d, b + 12)[0]
+        total += gs
+        print(f"id {aid:2d} | bit {aid - 1:2d} | {gs:3d}G | {S.get(nid, '?')}")
+        print(f"        unlocked: {S.get(did, '?')}")
+        print(f"        locked  : {S.get(lid, '?')}")
+    print(f"\ntotal gamerscore = {total}" + ("  [OK: retail total]" if total == 1000 else "  [!! expected 1000]"))
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())